Drivers of Religious Radicalization: From Boko-Haram to ISWAP

• In Event: Modern Terrorism

Abstract

Overview
The phenomenon of religious radicalization has garnered significant attention due to its far-reaching impact on regional stability and security.(Denisova & Kostelyanets, 2021) This insecurity has plagued northern Nigeria with the emergence and evolution of extremist groups such as Boko Haram and Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) (Passeint, 2019). The research aims to unravel the role of macro (global and societal), meso (community and local), and micro (individual and psychological) level factors in fostering radical ideologies. Anchored in a rich tapestry of existing literature, this study builds upon recognized factors like economic deprivation (Hansen, 2016) and political marginalization (Johnson, 2017), dissecting their complex interrelations and providing new insights in the specific context of ISWAP. Through an array of 17 hypotheses derived from comprehensive literature reviews, the study critically examines various dimensions of radicalization, including the impact of ideological suppression, religiosity, education, social communication and community relationships on the propensity towards extremist beliefs. The methodology blends qualitative and quantitative research approaches, employing surveys and interviews to gather nuanced data, which allows for an in-depth exploration of the underlying dynamics of radicalization. The preliminary findings reveal a notable correlation between economic struggles(Hansen, 2016) and susceptibility to extremist ideologies, and a sense of political exclusion(Johnson, 2017) and the motivations from disenfranchisement toward joining extremist groups.

Background
Boko Haram and ISWAP are prominent groups that have exemplified the manifestation of religious radicalization. The former focused on opposing Western education, aiming to establish an Islamic state in Nigeria. Boko Haram has been notorious for its violent tactics, including bombings, assassinations, and abductions, most infamously the Chibok schoolgirls in 2014.(Denisova & Kostelyanets, 2021) On the other hand, ISWAP, a splinter faction of Boko Haram, pledged allegiance to the Islamic State in 2015. It has since become a distinct entity known for its sophisticated organizational structure and, arguably, more strategic approach to insurgency compared to Boko Haram.(Passeint, 2019) Both groups have significantly contributed to the insecurity in Northern Nigeria, causing immense human suffering and economic damage.

Purpose and significance
This study aims to dissect the multifaceted 3 level drivers behind religious radicalization in Northern Nigeria, focusing on the transition from Boko Haram to ISWAP. Understanding these drivers is crucial for developing effective counter-radicalization strategies. While previous studies focused on Boko-Haram, this research will provide radicalization insight since the group has transitioned to ISWAP. This aspect is particularly pertinent following the recent demise of Boko Haram's leader, which raises questions about the potential shift in membership and allegiance towards ISWAP. Understanding the drivers extremist groups connected to the global network of Islamic State as a broader terror group will be significant to addressing which is part of international security.

Research method
In exploring the complex phenomenon of religious radicalization in Northern Nigeria, this study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining the quantitative rigor of surveys with the qualitative depth of interviews. This approach is designed to capture a comprehensive understanding of the 17 hypothesized multifaceted drivers of radicalization, thereby offering crucial insights for 4 selected macro level hypotheses, 11 macro hypotheses and 2 mirco hypotheses. The research design is structured to first gather broad quantitative data through surveys distributed across various regions, age groups, and socio-economic statuses in 3 terrorized States of Northern Nigeria(IOM, 2020). The survey of 402 samples using Watson's (2001) formula captures a range of data, including demographic information, attitudes, and experiences related to the study's hypothesized drivers of radicalization.
Following the quantitative phase, the study delves deeper into the qualitative aspects through 30 semi-structured interviews. The 10 interviews conducted in each of the 3 terror-affected States will involve diverse participants, including community leaders, religious figures, experts on radicalization, individuals directly affected by extremism, and potentially reformed extremists. The analytical approach will involve thematic analysis of interview transcripts using Nvivo and regression analysis of the survey data using R.

Keywords
Boko-Haram, ISWAP, Radicalization

Author

• Julius Adavize Adinoyi, Auburn University