Reciprocal Theory of Recognition: Explaining the Variation in Minority Policies

• In Event: Language Policy, State Building, and Social Cohesion

Abstract

This paper analyzes the dynamic nature of state nation-building policies towards ethnolinguistic minorities. It aims to address the puzzling question of why some states recognize the cultural and political rights of ethnic minority groups while others deny these rights.

The research bridges three key bodies of literature—peace and conflict studies, ethnic politics, and nation-building. It challenges established theories such as "ethnic outbidding" and offers fresh perspectives on minority mobilization, emphasizing the unintended consequences of nation-building policies. The study contends that minority mobilization, influenced by factors such as armed conflict and political party participation, exerts pressure on governments for increased recognition.

Employing a rigorous research design and methodology, the study conducts cross-case and within-case analyses to uncover the causal mechanisms shaping state minority policies. This study uses paired case comparison, and the paired cases are Turkey versus Spain and Greece versus Bulgaria, within the framework of third-wave democracies.

This study offers a reciprocal theory of recognition that takes the characteristics of the claim maker and recognizer into account. Contrary to long-held assumptions in nation-building literature, the research argues that urbanization and mass education, often seen as assimilative, increase ethnic awareness and mobilization capabilities among minorities. It also explores the role of violent resistance, challenging existing literature by suggesting that insurgent groups can effectively pressure states to improve minority rights.

Nevertheless, simply making a demand will not automatically lead to fulfillment unless the state takes action in response to the demand. However, some states simply cannot act to expand minority rights. I argue that state regime breakdown toward democratization is also crucial in recognizing minority rights. Thus, states shifting from totalitarian ideologies are more likely to acknowledge minority rights, while those adhering to their original ideologies may only grant superficial or symbolic rights if they choose to give recognition.

Author

• Oner Yigit, Binghamton University