An Empirical Exploration of Gender Provisions in DDR Programs

• In Event: Reintegration after Civil Wars

Abstract

This paper explores the inclusion of gendered provisions in disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) programs. Drawing on a novel dataset measuring gender-sensitive provisions within DDR programs, this research offers insights into whether DDR programs address the distinct needs and experiences of women, men, and gender non-conforming ex-combatants. The novel Gender-DDR dataset presented in this article includes gender provisions within DDR programs taken from 551 peace agreements between 1990 and 2023 taken from the PA-X dataset (Bell et al., 2023). Though other datasets have demonstrated the significance of women combatants, the involvement of women in peace agreements, or the presence of DDR provisions, there are no data that exists on how DDR programs vary with regard to the incorporation of gender into DDR programming across key areas. These include whether gendered language is used to identify combatants, whether women are referenced solely as ‘camp wives’, ‘supporters’, or ‘helpers’, or whether women ex-combatants received equal job training, financial assistance, and land assistance to male ex-combatants. This article then uses these data to explore the relationship between gender provisions in DDR programs and various conflict and post-conflict outcomes. Theoretically, I hypothesize that the presence of gender sensitive provisions will lead to positive outcomes for gender equality measures and conflict recurrence. I argue that when the unique experiences of women combatants are incorporated into DDR design, there will be a positive outcome for broader society. By shedding light on the current state of gender inclusion in DDR programs, the paper aims to inform policy debates, guide programmatic interventions, and promote gender-responsive approaches to DDR. Ultimately, this research seeks to contribute to the advancement of inclusive peacebuilding that prioritizes gender equality and inclusion in post-conflict societies.

Author

• Hatti Sellers, Louisiana State University