Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Labeling theory was a popular theory in 1960s, but became less frequently addressed afterwards. An important, recent contribution to the theory was the distinction between different kinds of labels and longitudinal study design to test the theory. Previous studies used the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) and official arrest data and found that rearrests are substantially greater than the effect of reoffending, which suggests that labels trigger a “secondary sanctioning” process, which predicts more deviant behavior than “secondary offending” did. However, few studies have concerned different kinds of labeling (or shaming) with a longitudinal study design. Using Recidivism in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 - 2009 Standalone Data (Rounds 1 to 13), my studies examine the trajectories of deviant behaviors of youth after first institutional response of their deviant behaviors. My study combines the longitudinal study design by distinguishing different kinds of shaming (labeling). The purpose of this study is to examine the difference of effects between disintegrative labeling (shaming) and reintegrative labeling (shaming) on trajectories of deviant behaviors over time.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: In this study Scheff’s theoretical model of shame and violence is applied to understanding the cognitive map of 5 leading terrorist ideologues. The following study is explorative on three levels. The first is the use of network text analysis as a modified ethnographic method on communiqués to map cognitive spaces. Network Text analysis is a methodology that is useful in extracting, ideas, concepts and culture embedded in text. The second is the application of a cultural criminological framework to terrorism. Cultural criminology lends a framework that looks at violence contextually from an insider’s perspective and incorporates a historical tradition of analyzing data to include dimensions of culture. The third is using Scheff’s theoretical model to examine etiology in terrorism. The findings show that there are evolving cognitive models of what constitutes shame and how this impacts terrorist ideology. The study discovers that Scheff’s theoretical framework is conducive to explaining the relationship that exists between violence and shame.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Abstract: Victimhood is defined against the act of aggression by the aggressor and the social understanding of what an act of aggression is. The same can be said of what a ‘prude’ is; the definition is not so much defined, as it is picked out of the pile of preconceived notions about sexuality and sexual behavior inside the culture of interest. Institutions and frameworks such as medicine, mental health professions, religion, and socio-economic drives create dangerous environments for prudes, or non-sexual peoples, because of their drives toward sex, sexuality, and the capitalist construction of the family.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: What are the motivations for formally acknowledging and condemning another state's violations of international human rights law? The so-called 'naming and shaming' of states for their human rights practices is a fairly common occurrence in the international arena. The popularity of the tactic is not surprising; it can be thought of as a type of cheap talk due to its relatively low cost. In addition, several studies have shown naming and shaming to have positive impacts on state behavior or at least caused a state to consider the possible economic ramifications of continued violation. Given its relative effectiveness and low cost (especially when compared to humanitarian intervention), it is puzzling that naming and shaming is not used more often. Is there an unconsidered factor which determines when a state speaks out against an offending state? Political motivations and liberal ideals tell only part of the story: economic considerations are the missing component. Countries which compete economically with human rights violators will be more likely to participate in naming and shaming; countries which have a more cooperative economic relationship will be more likely to avoid naming and shaming.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: In the last few years, social media has created supportive spaces worldwide where women and men can share their testimonies of alleged sexual offenses committed against them and describe the ongoing effect of sexual violence upon their lives. This project seeks to explore how survivors who exposed themselves on Facebook perceive the practice of shaming their assailants, the meaning of such shaming, and its consequences. The study addresses the following questions: What are the motivations of survivors to publicize their assailants' identity or to refrain from doing so? Is the practice of shaming perceived as legitimate by survivors, and if yes, in what sense? What are the social, legal, and ethical justifications, as well as the reservations regarding the use of shaming? What positive and negative consequences do survivors experience as a result of shaming their assailants online, and what toll does this practice exact from their point of view? The study draws on in-depth semi-structured interviews we have conducted in Israel in 2016-2018, before and after the #MeToo campaign, with 20 sexual assault survivors who exposed themselves on Facebook.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Scholars have shown that 1) naming and shaming affects public opinion within the shamed country, 2) public opinion affects levels of protest and rebellion, and 3) levels of rebellion are related to levels of government repression. I am interested in the extent to which naming and shaming indirectly affects levels of rebellion and repression by influencing public opinion. To that end, I use experimental methods to examine whether individuals are more likely to protest, rebel, and/or use force against their government when they are exposed to additional information from international sources about the local human rights conditions.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper expands on the current literature on shame by introducing the concept of power to shaming processes. To concretize power and document the social constructedness of shame as a context-contingent phenomenon, this paper offers a framework for the analysis of shame consisting of five factors requiring examination in the analysis of any given situation. To demonstrate its usefulness, the paper offers several examples to show how class and gender influence and are influenced by processes of shaming.

Publication Type: Poster
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This secondary analysis is a cross-sectional quantitative test of Reintegrative Shaming Theory (Braithwaite 1989) on inmates in the Mississippi Department of Corrections. The sample consists of 726 questionnaires split evenly between male and female respondents.

Split model (Gender) logistic regression analysis includes measures central to Braithwaite’s theory (1989) as well as modifications that address the particular experiences of inmates including the frequency and communication with family, participation in prison programming, and moral conscience.

Results indicate that self reported past-shame, reintegration, and moral consciousness predict projected criminality and the effects are stronger for women than men. The current analysis confirm the basic assumptions of Reintegrative Shaming Theory (Braithwaite 1989). The implications of the research expand the literature to test this theory on a sample of serious offenders.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Reintegrative shaming theory has been one of the most undertested and the least
empirically supported criminological theories. Drawing on the predictions from selfcontrol
theory and general strain theory, I attempt to improve Braithwaite’s shaming theory by identifying conditions under which its causal process might be more effective in predicting misbehavior. Using data from the first self-report crime and deviance survey ever conducted in Russia, I put shaming theory to the test in its elaborated version. While some of the hypothesized contingencies seemed to condition the effects of shaming on projected deviance, none of these effects were consistent for all types of deviant behavior in this study. These results, in conjunction with the accumulated body of research, suggest that reintegrative shaming theory may be in need of further revision. Overall, this study contributes to the literature in two ways. First, it strengthens shaming theory by specifying some of the boundaries for its explanatory scope. Second, this work provides an extensive empirical test to the original and elaborated statements of shaming theory using data from an unusual locale.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Why are some human rights international non-governmental organizations (HR-INGOs) effective in reducing human rights abuses while others are not? What explains the variance in the continuum between the HR-INGO “name and shame” approach and government partnership approach? Over the past ten years, the human rights literature has produced extensive research concerning the “name and shame” model approach of INGOs. However, recent literature suggests this approach may create an environment of backlash from local constituencies, thus limiting the efficacy of the 'name and shame' approach. This paper will examine the varying model approaches of HR-INGOs, contending a government partnership approach will render a different domestic response and end result to HR-INGO intervention. The particular implications of this approach include the potential for increased organizational sustainability, lessened human rights abuses, and heightened respect for local populations. This paper will test these assumptions through cross-national comparative analysis, lending to an increased understanding of the inner-workings of INGOs.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Although many health communication researchers use the terms “shame” and “guilt” synonymously, we argue that these constructs are distinct and have widely divergent psychological consequences. The purpose of this study was to explore the different outcomes that result from shame vs. guilt appeals, provide empirical evidence that negative outcomes such as anger and perceived manipulative intent are more likely to be associated with shame than guilt, and examine specific tactics that can predictably elicit shame. Using an experimental design, a total of 107 participants were randomly assigned to view either a shame or a guilt appeal about getting tested for STDs and completed an online questionnaire. As hypothesized, shame was correlated with both anger and perceived manipulative intent whereas guilt was not. Further, participants that viewed the shame appeal reported higher levels of shame, anger, and perceived manipulative intent. Tactics for creating shame-free guilt appeals and future research are discussed.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper proposes an analysis of the social process of unsilencing and attempts at emphasizing its role in the inner process which poor working women undergo between their experiences of shame and the possibility of resistance. Unsilencing is the process in which an individual woman becomes empowered to the extent of voicing what is silenced by structural hierarchies that shape her experiences as employed in non-standard ("bad") jobs, as a mother protecting her kids from shame and stigmatization, and as a community activists. I connect the process of unsilencing to Scheff' (2003) sociological discussion of Shame as a constitutive force in processes of exclusion and othering as well as to a feminist notion of the self as fragmented and continually changing. Unsilencing is conceived as a response to power operating on three levels: emotional connection that empowers a contesting meaning structure; a process of distancing that empowers the individual in overcoming positioning processes; and an increased sense of authenticity in relation to the set of emotional management, language and beliefs embedded in the contesting meaning structure.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: On 12 July 2008, students in Bonn demonstrated against a neo-Nazi protest. The neo-Nazis had organized to protest a state-sponsored textbook's treatment of the Holocaust. The counter-protesters described the neo-Nazis as East Germans who had “no time to feel shame” for German history. From ethnographic engagement at the counter-protest and continued interviews with BRD-born university students in former East Germany, I argue that the fall of the Wall continues to serve as a source of confrontation, wherein shame is a political affect that requires new negotiations with old borders. The “opening” of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marks the beginning of a moment – a moment that extends twenty years later – where separate and shared histories must be imagined and re-imagined across remade borders and undone lines.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Contrary to criminalization of business conduct as we see in the United States, for example, business regulation in the Netherlands is increasingly administrative. Regulatory enforcement authorities are empowered with a growing variety of administrative sanctions and higher fines. They also publish the names of offenders, which aims, among other things, to increase the strength and general deterrent effect of adminstrative sanctions. “Naming and shaming” of offenders is therefore often presented as an alternative to criminalization of business misconduct.

This paper studies the consequences of these publications for the firms that are involved. It presents the results of interviews with thirty Dutch financial intermediary firms whose name was published as a result of an administrative offense. It describes the effects of sanction publications in terms of loss of business opportunities, social stigma, and business perceptions of the legitimacy of the enforcement process. It also presents results of a media analysis of negative publicity about offending firms. The results show that the business community experiences published sanctions as equally or more severe than criminal sanctions. Because the administrative enforcement process offers less legal protection and less checks and balances than the criminal process, the sanctioned businesses perceive the publication of their names as very unfair. Finally, the media analysis shows that the impact of publicity is unevenly distributed and disproportional to some offenders. The findings suggest that the strength of administrative sanction publications measures up to that of criminal sanctions. Considering the lack of checks and balances in the enforcement process, however, it would be unwise to consider naming and shaming a fullblown alternative to criminalization of business conduct.

Publication Type: Poster
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This study applies a quantitative test of Reintegrative Shaming Theory (RST) (Braithwaite 1989) to inmates in the Mississippi Department of Corrections. The questionnaire includes traditional measures central to RST as well as modifications that address the particular experiences of inmates including the frequency and composition of visitation, participation in prison programming, parent-child relationships, and moral conscience. The sample consists of 726 questionnaires split evenly between male and female inmates, approximately 60-40 African American to Caucasian, with an average age of 33. The following research questions are posed: (1) What reintegrative shaming processes are relevant to the experiences and lives of inmates? (2) How does the strength of parent-child attachment affect an inmates’ perception of shame and recidivism? (3) What crime related emotional experiences and rationale’s are related to an inmates’ perception of shame and recidivism? (4) How does visitation and participation in prison programming relate to an inmates’ perception of shame and recidivism? Preliminary findings indicate support for the general claims of RST. Especially relevant to analysis are parent-child relationships, family support, and prison programming. Policy implications are discussed.

Publication Type: Internal Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Images of misery are commonplace. Perhaps they expand awareness and offer the potential for social and political efficacy. Or, more likely, they are visually consumed without altering the landscape of misery. This paper approaches photographic practices not as visual reproduction of misery, but as relational work.
In March 2014 I invited photographers to respond to the query, “how to photograph people without shaming them.” Shame is pivotal, but rarely named in the encounter between photographer and subject. What is the responsibility of the photographer? Where is the voice of the subject? In the complicated process of photographing others, there are methodologies to not shaming. These are not stealth photographers; rather, they are conduits and interpreters, whether it is the funeral of a labor leader, the economic blow of a closed factory, the rhythms of ordinary people’s lives over decades, or the challenge of photographing people facing disease, gender change, sudden loss, or incarceration. Time is invested. Doubt is expressed, not repressed. The distance between the constructed look of a photo not yet taken and the ultimate photograph is measured. The problem of representing without objectifying or re-colonizing is acknowledged as a continuing process, not a one time, settled, exchange.
This paper offers a glimpse into the work of five photographers, selected from the twenty voices in my new (yet unpublished) book:
Clarissa Sligh’s “Jake in Transition” is the story of an insistent subject and a hesitant photographer. Nearly twenty years before transgender became a familiar term in academic discourse, Sligh, a black feminist artist from New York met Deb, a white woman from North Texas, who was determined to find a photographer willing to document the physicality of her transformation from Deb into Jake.
Bill Bamberger’s insights about human relationships, whether those living in modest homes in Chattanooga, Tennessee, or the daily lives of Rwandans twenty years after genocide, or the furniture makers facing the closing of a century-old furniture company in North Carolina, inform his photographic practices, achieving a sense of presence while suggesting absence. Bamberger creates aesthetic circumstances that enable his subjects’ self-representation.
Angelika Bammer returns to the village where she was born in Germany and where her grandparents were once prominent Nazis sympathizers to meet and photograph Gunter Sandmann, “the last remaining Jew in Velen.” Bammer traces the distance between the photograph she imagined taking, and the one that Sandmann actually gave.
Milton Rogovin and Jens Jensen are a generation apart, but each approached photography as a means to record people in a particular place over a period of time. Jensen photographed in Hammarkullen, a working-class and immigrant suburb of Gothenburg, Sweden. Milton Rogovin’s focus was on the “invisible ones” of Buffalo, New York’s Lower West Side. The two photographers never met nor knew of each other’s work. Yet both engaged the same practices of returning again and again to photograph the least privileged. They expand the photographic commons.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: How do a state’s capabilities influence the efficacy of human rights INGO (HRO) efforts to reduce the state’s use of violence against its citizens? We argue that there are two types of state capabilities that affect the probability that governments will respond to HRO shaming with improved human rights practices: (1) the capacity to improve government respect for human rights and (2) the capacity to avoid the costs associated with HRO shaming. Using a Bayesian latent variable model to capture these two types of state capacity, we demonstrate that HRO shaming is most likely to improve respect for human rights in states that are highly capable of improving their respect for human rights, but highly incapable of avoiding (i.e. highly sensitive to) the costs imposed by HRO shaming. We then demonstrate how knowledge of these state capabilities greatly improves our ability to predict government response to HRO shaming and thus, the many ways that HROs may use this information to better target their efforts.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Rates of substance use and dependence are high among individuals entering jail. Identifying predictors, especially malleable predictors, of post-release use would be helpful in identifying points of intervention. Upon entry into a jail, individuals reported on a number of constructs such as shame, guilt, empathy, substance use and dependence for the prior year. One year post-release they were re-interviewed and reported on their substance use and dependence for that year. On average, participants reported less frequent substance use in the year post-release, compared to the year prior to incarceration. Pre-post differences were statistically significant for alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, opiates, and polydrug use. Similarly, regarding symptoms of dependency, there was a significant decline for all substances. Preliminary results show that participants’ (n=291) shame-proneness shortly after incarceration was positively predictive of frequency of cocaine use during the first year post-release but negatively predictive of frequency of marijuana use during that time. Guilt-proneness and empathy also significantly predicted less frequent use of marijuana and less polydrug use during the first year post-release. Future analyses will examine these relationships in more detail while taking into account prior substance use as well as pre-release reports of shame, guilt and empathy.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: In April 2009 the Iowa Supreme Court issued a unanimous decision legalizing same-sex marriage for the state.The court's rhetoric differed radically in some key respects from the rhetoric used by Supreme Court justices dealing with the gay-marriage issue in Massachusetts, California, and Connecticut. The paper analyzes the rhetorical differences.

Publication Type: Internal Paper
Abstract: The controversy that erupted when Lois-Ann Yamanaka’s novel Blu’s Hanging was awarded the fiction prize by the Association for Asian American Studies (AAAS) in 1998 marked a crisis in the field whose effects reverberate over a decade later. The protests—coming from academic and community groups, most (but not all) of them Filipino American—rested mainly on what was viewed as a racist depiction of the Filipino American character Uncle Paulo who, in the climactic scene of the novel, bounds, gags, and anally rapes Blu, a (pre)pubescent, Japanese American boy. Two of Yamanaka’s previous books had also been given awards by the AAAS, and both were similarly the subject of protest over their representations of local Filipinos. The “Blu’s Hanging controversy” has since become a complex site for investigating a number of intractable debates within Asian American studies: the relation between “aesthetics” and “politics”; the politics of interethnic literary and political representation; the specificities of race, ethnicity, and colonialism in Hawaiian history and cultural politics; and the perceptions of ethnic privilege and hierarchy within Asian American studies (the field and the national organization).

This paper builds on this work by taking up and reconfiguring the focus on affect. While several critics have examined the novel in terms of loss, melancholia, and consumption, my approach seeks to link recent work on racialized gay shame with what Rebecca Wanzo calls “sentimental political storytelling”—those narratives that invoke pain in order to win sympathy and claim cultural citizenship. Specifically, I track the ways that shame contagiously circulates in two separate domains. Within the novel, the Ogata parents’ shame results from having contracted Hansen’s disease in the past, and they pass on this shame to their children. Outside of the novel, the Filipino readers repeatedly confess feeling ashamed by the portrayal of Uncle Paulo. I then analyze the sentimental logic that underpins both of these stories in terms of their “legitimacy” and efficacy. The Ogatas’ shame, taking the form of post-disease family poverty, is overcome by Ivah’s upward mobility—a redemption narrative that not only solicits readers’ sympathy but is predicated on sacrificing Blu on the altar of sentimentality (by getting raped) in order to catalyze the eldest daughter’s decision to go to Mid-Pacific Institute and pull her family out of its shameful (but morally innocent) poverty. On the other hand, the Filipino American readers’ protests of racial discrimination, while appealing to a parallel source of pain in the shame that the novel induced, registered not as a sentimental narrative that could be recognized and redressed but as a “complaint” invalidated by supposedly inappropriate reading practices. Ultimately, I suggest that these intertwined narratives of shame and sentimentality tend to conceal their imperialist roots: the social stigma attached to leprosy reinforced by state policies of segregation on Moloka’i; and the stereotype of the hypersexualized Filipino made possible by the recruitment of young male labor to the Hawaiian islands during the early twentieth century.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Restorative Justice (RJ) programs have been shown to be effective with juvenile delinquents. However, most previous studies evaluated RJ programs with little attention to their internal processes. Even though the most comprehensive and empirical test of group conferences is the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (conducted in Canberra, Australia from 1995-1999), no presentations of the results have appeared in scholarly journals. A report indicated that offenders and victims who were in the conference group had better outcomes in terms of perceptions of fairness than those who went through the traditional court process (Braithwaite, 1999; Sherman & Strang, 1997). While a study that examined the processes of RISE using a sample of juvenile offenders (Kim & Gerber, 2011) has already been conducted, this paper focuses on drunk-driving offenders and reintegrative shaming.
A total of 363 drunk-driving offenders were randomly assigned to RISE. This paper will focus on how RJ program can be made more effective. Using the components retained from factor analysis as independent variables, multivariate analysis will be conducted to explore what kinds of circumstances can generate the most effective outcomes during the program. The findings from this paper can provide a greater understanding of the processes and emotional dynamics in RJ programs.

Publication Type: Internal Paper
Abstract: My paper discusses how death and representation shaped African American political discourse in the early twentieth century. With respect to the visual consumption of mass circulated images of lynching, I argue for a more complex set of spectatorial relations. Specifically, I highlight relationships between the viewer and the image that cultivate and make us of the affective experience of shame. It is through the analysis of shame and in particular Silvan Tomkins’s (1987) research on shame as a social experience that I locate the most powerful mechanism of visual encounter at work.

My paper argues for the role of affect in constructing a politically progressive viewing position. I consider the act of looking at images of lynching a second-order method of imagining community. What occurs as the historical remove between viewer and photographed subjects ostensibly increases is the unpleasant return, the haunting, of a hierarchy of gazes that are overtly racially-coded. In the case of the lynching photographs, to recognize that the images depict a shameful episode in American national history is also to recognize the interest and even enjoyment that lynching once elicited. My argument is that the problem is precisely that delight and enjoyment do not stay where they should, that is, within the frame, the time and space, of the photograph. There is an uncomfortable bleeding over of voyeuristic pleasure that shocks us, the present-day viewer, into shame. In the case of the lynching photographs, I argue, it is the failure of this rupture to separate different parts of the social self that produces the viewer’s feeling of shame. As viewers looking back at the representations of the proud stances of murders, we wish not for ourselves to disappear, but for those others, our barbaric and shameless forbears, to disappear altogether from the nation’s past, that we may claim an uninterrupted lineage of democracy and compassion.

Publication Type: Panel Paper
Abstract: In 1623, printmaker and publisher Claes Jansz Visscher created several broadsheets that depict the grisly executions of the Dutch Remonstrants who failed to assassinate Prince Maurits of Nassau, who supported the more conservative Counter-Remonstrant Calvinists. Patchwork-like, the broadsheets allowed buyers to assemble multiple impressions in one image along with letterpress. Some prints include nearly two dozen images of execution, bodily mutilation, and defilement, which sullied the Remonstrant’s reputations by depriving them of two key components of early modern honor: bodily integrity and privacy. Although Michael Foucault privileges pain as the core means and end of early modern punishment, Florike Egmond makes a convincing counterclaim that the shamefulness of the punishment determined its severity. This paper argues that Visscher’s broadsheets engaged with contemporary discourses about public displays of punishment and political legitimacy by serving as a visual addendum to the execution and further shaming the Remonstrants.

Publication Type: Internal Paper
Abstract: According to Thomas Scheff and Suzanne Retzinger (2002), a particular sequence of emotions underlies all destructive aggression, including war: shame is evoked, which leads to rage and then to violence. The perception that our nation has been humiliated by another invokes the need to repay the debt—to act, even if wrongly, to reclaim a sense of agency and sovereignty. As a basis of national feeling, humiliation or its perception can lead to brutal “payback,” triggering retaliatory cycles that may persist for generations. Evelin Gerda Lindner argues that when a group is convinced of their humiliation, “Terror, war, and genocide can result if this belief is fed by ‘humiliation entrepreneurs’ who exhort their followers to exact revenge with grand narratives of humiliation and retaliation” (2006). This forms an economy of war, a system of debt and obligation that can motivate foreign policy decisions, influence soldiers’ behavior in the field, and justify or prolong war.
It is with this need to “save face”—with what it produces and how it is exploited—that this essay is concerned. Examining Vietnam veterans’ memoirs, it explores how the economy of shame shapes America’s warrior culture, and more specifically, how it informs soldiers’ subjective judgments and experiences of War. Reading Phillip Caputo’s Rumor of War, Tim O’Brien’s If I Die in a Combat Zone, and Tobias Woolf’s In Pharaoh’s Army, my analysis addresses the following key questions: What role does “saving face” play in the recruitment, enlistment, and training of soldiers? How does the need for “payback” influence the individual soldier’s actions in the field? How significant a role does the soldier’s success or failure to “save face” play in his post-war recovery?

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Very few studies researched the effects of individuals’ discrete emotions, such as pride and shame, on information processing, in general, and attention in particular. Therefore, using the limited capacity model, the present study examined the relationships between discrete emotions (pride and shame) and attention to mediated messages. Attention was conceptualized as memory recall. The study also investigated the role of self-esteem as a mediator and need for cognition as a moderator of the relationships between pride, shame, and attention to mediated messages. An experimental design was used and participants were college students from a northeastern university in the U.S. Data was collected through an Internet survey service. The results demonstrated that pride positively influenced participants’ performance in the memory-recall task, whereas shame negatively influenced memory recall. Self-esteem mediated the relationship between pride and attention, and shame and attention, and need for cognition moderated the relationship between shame and attention.

Publication Type: Internal Paper
Abstract: While much media scholarship celebrates the new ways that participatory culture allows
users to generate new viral content or “memes” by “riffing” or repurposing digital visual forms such as advice animals, animated gifs, and dance conventions, (Jenkins et al, Spreadable Media, NYU, 2013) this paper seeks to balance this utopian perspective through a critical visual analysis of the shaming meme. While dogshaming.com and angry parents’ attempts to humiliate their children by posing them with signs stating their transgressions and posting them on their own Facebook profiles proliferate, other forms of shaming across global borders visualize new forms of racial violence against women and people of color.

The “trophy room” of 419eater.com, a site with over 48,000 registered members, is full
of images of African men and women holding signs penned with demeaning slogans or
engaged in ridiculous acts, such as men wearing women’s bras and posing with a fish
held near their heads. And though the site strenuously asserts that it is not racist, the vast majority of the images are of African men and women holding signs that say things like “King of Retards” and “I like to give head.” While some of these are humorous, such as
“I can’t believe it’s not butter,” many are designed to render their holder abject, such as
“I will do everything that I am asked.” Some have been tricked into giving themselves
tattoos that say “I give bj’s” or “Baited by Shiver” because a scam-baiter demanded it as
a proof of good faith.

These “trophy” photographs have circulated all over the Internet, causing near-universal
hilarity on imageboards and other content sharing sites. This paper will explore the genealogy, distribution, aesthetics, and visual history of this shaming meme across Tumblr, image trophy rooms, and other image and discussion boards. The root of the shaming meme in social media’s visual cultures of racial abjection reminds us of the digital pillory’s hidden history. This history is fundamentally and foundationally about the power of digital visual culture and its viral images to dehumanize its objects.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: The relationship between adolescent sexuality (specifically, sexual debut) and mental health and well-being has been well documented by prior research. Further, the relationship between alcohol use and depressive symptoms has also been well documented throughout the social sciences. However, the relationship between these three behaviors has not been fully explored. The goal of this paper is to address this gap in the literature. Using data from the first, third, and fourth waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine how alcohol use and sexual behaviors—specifically, how the individual perceives how their drinking behaviors influence their sexual behaviors—effect mental health later in life. We also account for gender differences in this process. Preliminary results suggest that youth who are sexually active at Wave 1 and are heavy drinkers are more depressed than their peers, however, the interaction between sexual debut and drinking indicates some type of buffering effect. Gender differences and implications for future research are discussed.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: There has been a dramatic increase in the number of U.S. male politicians exposed for marital infidelity in the past two decades. However, public and media portrayals of political wives as their husbands’ extramarital affairs are uncovered and come under scrutiny have received little attention to date in social and communication studies. A thorough exploration of such portrayals can illuminate articulations of gendered identities and can lead to insights into women’s mediated representations. This chapter attempts to fill this scholarly gap by analyzing the very public and extremely publicized walk of shame of Elizabeth Edwards after the confirmation of an extramarital relationship pursued by her husband John Edwards, a former senator, vice-presidential nominee, and presidential hopeful. The case study featured in this chapter shows that before her husband’s sex scandal, Elizabeth Edwards’ representation was complex. Like other political wives, she could transgress double binds and gender codes while acting on behalf of her husband. Yet after the sex scandal her representation became simplified, stereotypical, either idealized or demonized. Like other cheated political wives, she reencountered women’s double binds and the confinement to a specific gender code when she was no longer viewed as a surrogate for her husband.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Health information seeking (HIS) and emotional support seeking (ESS) for medical conditions are widespread, self-guided online activities that happen concurrently on social health websites. Appraisal and coping theory suggests that these activities may be caused by negative emotions that users experience. In this paper, we examine three key negative emotions—fear, anxiety, and shame—for their potential impact on HIS and ESS. Through an online survey of 518 people, we found that only anxiety positively predicted HIS. In contrast, fear and anxiety both positively predicted ESS, while shame negatively predicted ESS. These findings result in important implications for social health websites. For example, our results suggest that people experiencing fear require immediate emotional relief through solace, and they may benefit more from receiving emotionally supportive comments rather than information about the medical condition.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper discusses the rise in public shaming on social media and attempts to situate it theoretically within prior considerations of power and discipline. I argue that the recent rise in online public shaming is symptomatic of a tension between traditional formulations of top-down discipline and newer, decentralized forms of power and censure brought about by information communication technologies. Subsumed within this tension are questions about the role of personal information as both a ticket into the online social sphere and a weapon within it, as well as questions about what constitutes user privacy – both in the minds of users themselves as well as those monitoring their information. Specifically, I argue that new formulations of power reflect a control society, in which protocol (theorized by Alexander Galloway) operates as a mechanism of power and censure. This clashes with Foucauldian disciplinary mechanisms that operate through centralized panoptic surveillance.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a major social problem about which little empirical research has been done. Individuals with this diagnosis, who are approximately 75% female, are at very high risk for completed suicide. Between 8% and 10% of individuals, who currently have a diagnosis of BPD, will eventually commit suicide. This suicide rate is 50 times higher than the rate in the general population.

The aim of this qualitative study was to examine the subjective experience of women in treatment for BPD. Results indicated that the research participants identified with many of the diagnostic criteria for BPD described in the DSM-IV-TR, as well as in other professional literature. Part of their narrated experience that has been largely overlooked by the BPD treatment literature, however, was their subjective experience of shame.

Shame has been defined in sociological literature as “a self-conscious emotion, similar to self-hate, involving a belief . . . that one’s own person is immoral or disgusting” (Tangney & Dearing, 2002). Many participants in this study showed evidence of a strong sense of shame by making statements such as: “people think I’m crazy” and “the hospital staff made me feel like I was real dirty, “I feel like a failure”, “I feel worthless”, or even, “I hate myself”.

The experience of shame often has destructive consequences including: a sense of isolation; impulsivity; self-mutilating behavior; and, most importantly, suicidal behavior. Indeed, at least three studies have shown that a significant proportion of deliberate overdoses have occurred while the individual was experiencing shame-related thoughts and emotions. The findings have implications for treatment of women with BPD, particularly in order to lower their risk for suicide.

Publication Type: Individual Poster
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Childhood maltreatment places mothers at risk for difficulties with later psychological adjustment and parenting problems (Field, Diego, & Hernandez-Reif, 2009; Lyons-Ruth & Block, 1996). The current study aims to understand the relationships between mothers’ reactions to childhood maltreatment at six months postpartum, specifically maltreatment-specific shame, and whether maternal shame is linked to observed parenting behavior. Shame is a maltreatment-specific reaction that can interfere with self and interpersonal development and interactions, including increased hostility (Feiring, Cleland & Simon, 2010; Feiring, Simon, Cleland & Barrett, 2013). Postpartum women typically reflect on their own childhoods during the transition to parenting, which may increase maltreatment-specific shame among women with maltreatment histories, and influence parenting behavior (Wright, Fopma-Loy, & Oberle, 2012); however, no studies have yet examined this link. Childhood multi-maltreatment is also linked to higher shame levels, but few studies have evaluated whether it predicts postpartum shame (Higgins & McCabe, 2001). The current study addresses these gaps in the literature by examining the prevalence of maltreatment-specific shame during the postpartum period, whether multi-maltreatment predicts higher maltreatment-specific shame, and associations between maltreatment-specific shame and hostile/negative parenting behaviors at 6 months postpartum.
Analyses were based on data collected for 100 postpartum women with a history of childhood maltreatment participating at the 4- and 6-month visits in a larger study, the Maternal Anxiety during the Childbearing Years (MACY) project, which examined associations between maternal maltreatment history, perinatal psychopathology, and maternal and child biopsychosocial outcomes across the postpartum years. Measures used in the current analyses included mother-reported multi-maltreatment (Higgins & McCabe, 2001), and a pictorial measure of maltreatment-specific shame (Feiring & Taska, 2005). Finally, Likert ratings of maternal hostility/negativity observed during mother-infant free play at 6 months postpartum were scored from videotapes by masked coders using the MACY Infant Parent Coding System (Earls, Muzik, & Beeghly, 2009; ICC =.85).
Seventy-five percent of the women experienced at least moderate maltreatment-specific shame during the postpartum period. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate associations among childhood multi-maltreatment, postpartum maltreatment-specific shame, and level of maternal hostility/negativity during mother-infant free play. The model had good fit and indicated that increased multi-maltreatment predicted increased maltreatment-specific shame, and maltreatment-specific shame predicted increased maternal hostility/negativity (χ2(1) = .79, p = .07; RMSEA = .00; CFI = 1.0; SRMR = .01). See Figure 1 and Table 1.
Results contribute to our understanding of the intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment (Pears & Capaldi, 2001; Seng et al., 2013), by improving our understanding of the prevalence of maltreatment-specific shame and its association with parenting in a sample of women with childhood maltreatment histories. Childhood multi-maltreatment predicted higher levels of postpartum maltreatment-specific shame, and maltreatment-specific shame predicted higher levels of hostile/negative parenting behavior. Results also have clinical implications, by increasing clinician’s awareness of this emotional reaction and its association with parenting behavior. Future studies should use longitudinal models to evaluate these associations during toddlerhood, when children become more autonomous and parenting may become more challenging.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: In this paper, I analyze how feminicidio was turned into a frame to shame the Mexican state and how it responded to this shaming, especially in the aftermath of the 2009 landmark judgment of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) in the case of González and Others “Cotton Field” v. Mexico. The IACtHR declared that the Mexican state had failed to act with due diligence to effectively prevent, investigate, and punish the sexual abuse and brutal murders of three young women in Ciudad Juárez in November 2001. First, I discuss the transformation of feminicidio from an academic concept into a frame to shame the Mexican state through transnational feminist activism. I suggest that political and discursive opportunities produced in this process allowed feminicidio activists to seek the resonance of this frame nationally and internationally, with different degrees of success. I further examine the criminalization of feminicidio in Mexican law and Mexico’s efforts to introduce this concept in the agenda of the UN, especially in the aftermath of the Court’s decision. I ask whether Mexico’s politics toward feminicidio represent the co-optation of the term as a way to redeem its international image? Or can the institutionalization of feminicidio constitute genuine social change and thus a triumph of feminist transnational advocacy? I argue that the answers to these questions are not mutually exclusive and link my analysis to what Ferree (2003) calls the “costs of resonance” for feminist politics.

Supporting Publications:
Supporting Document

Publication Type: Roundtable Paper
Abstract: This social justice-framed comparative case study is an exploration into the depths of formerly incarcerated mothers' shame experienced through a variety child custody arrangements that resulted in reunifications of moms and their children. The custody case processes mimic 'rite of passage' stages expected to lead to more empowered and healed families. The transformative potential of healing trauma and power relations in our own lives to gain the power against broader institutional violence is discussed.

Publication Type: Roundtable Paper
Abstract: Because of inaccurate perceptions that the public has about sex offenders as being extremely dangerous offenders with very high sexual and violent recidivism rates, there have been numerous federal and state laws enacted requiring sex offenders to register, allowing the public access to this information, and prohibiting sex offenders from engaging in a myriad of activities most people, including people convicted of non-sexual crimes, take for granted. A by-product of these policies is how they lead to intense feelings of shame, not only for sex offenders, but also for family members of sex offenders. This paper will explore in greater depth the shame that many sex offenders live with as a result of these policies. It will further discuss the punitive and retributive nature behind these policies that lead to shame, how these policies prevent many convicted sex offenders from ever truly being fully integrated back into society, and why many of these policies are doing more harm than good, not only to convicted sex offenders and their families, but also to society as a whole.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Abstract: Formerly incarcerated individuals often struggle to reintegrate into the community after release from jail or prison, notably in the realm of employment. A growing body of research suggests that there is a relationship between unemployment and suicide, and this relationship may hold special significance for former inmates, who often encounter many barriers to employment. Research also suggests that shame, a distinct moral emotion that focuses on a negative evaluation of the entire self, may play a critical role in the development of suicidal ideation. The current study examines employment data, suicidal ideation, and shame-proneness from a racially diverse sample of approximately 195 individuals formerly incarcerated in a metropolitan county jail, gathered as part of a larger ongoing longitudinal study. We hypothesize that level of employment will predict subsequent suicidal ideation and depression symptoms. We further hypothesize that unemployed/underemployed individuals who are relatively high in shame-proneness will be the most likely to report suicidal ideation, as opposed to those who are unemployed/underemployed but relatively low in shame-proneness, who will be less likely to report suicidal ideation. Implications for treatment and public policy will be discussed.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Studies of victim blaming with regard to sexual assault and rape are not new to criminology, the tendency to sympathize with ideal victims has been established. The implications of stigmatizing shaming for the control of sexual behavior is an area that deserves further exploration, especially within victimology. By analyzing commentary made in response to news stories about the sexual victimization of adults, patterns of "slut-shaming" and gender differences become apparent.

Publication Type: Panel Paper
Abstract: Mahashweta Devi, a prolific writer and activist, wrote about the tribals like the Santhals of Bengal and Bihar.

This paper proposes to focus on the representation of the marginalised and humiliated body of the tribal woman in her interaction with both the repressive state apparatus and the ideological state apparatus of modern India. Repeatedly raped, partly to shame and humiliate her and partly as an interrogation tactic,Dopdi refuses to cover herself in front of the Senanayak(police chief) and instead displays her raped naked body in front of the men. Her gesture can be understood as having a symbolic valence of a unique kind in South Asian culture, where the repression of women is legitimised through invoking the category of shame. In making a spectacle of her naked breasts, Dopdi subverts the notion of shame and turns its outwards towards the perpetrators rather than the victim.

In another story, Stanadayini (or Breast Giver) the protagonist Jashoda(the foster mother of Lord Krishna in Hindu Mythology) has been the wet-nurse of several children of an affluent family which employs her in order to compensate for causing an accident to her husband, a Brahmin, disabling him permanently. In the story, the ‘breast giver’ dies of breast cancer, ravaged by the disease.

In both these stories, Mahashweta Devi deconstructs ideologies of womanhood, through an ironic unpacking of embodiment and body-identity.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Abstract: Speaker two explores ways that Black women have consciously and sub-consciously endured public shame as an act of resistance and political strategy. Drawing from the rhetoric of shame, speaker two provides a comparative analysis of historical moments when Black women have chosen fight over flight to undergo public shaming of their bodies as an act of resistance (Harris-Perry 2011). Speaker two puts the actions of Black women who were enslaved, abolitionists, and activists in conversation with the shared experiences of Black women and girls who have recently suffered public shame and death because of acts of resistance against racism (#SayHerName).

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper attempts to address a gap in the literature on family violence regarding abuse perpetrated by siblings. The paper reports on findings from an online survey about sibling physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. Forty-three participants reported experiencing emotional abuse perpetrated by a sibling. The most common form of emotional abuse was body shaming; most participants recalled being repeatedly taunted about their weight, attractiveness, or sexual desirability. Participants reported ongoing feelings of shame and disgust with their bodies, especially related to their weight and sexual attractiveness. Many had attempted or contemplated suicide, felt worthless, and abused drugs and alcohol to cope with these feelings. Victims asserted that emotional sibling abuse had made it very difficult to establish adult intimate relationships. Most also reported strained relationships with their families, as they felt forced to isolate themselves from abusive siblings, and by extension other family members, in order to avoid continued emotional abuse. In fact, unlike physical and sexual abuse, which generally ended when a sibling left the parental home, emotional abuse continued for years into adulthood. Thus, it is imperative that parents, teachers, and other authority figures learn to recognize emotional sibling abuse and intervene to protect victims.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This study examines how variations in public support have fostered or hindered ombudsmen in fulfilling their human rights mandates.This study conducts a two stage least squares regression analysis across Latin America from 2000 to the present.

Publication Type: Panel Paper
Abstract: Readers of The Faerie Queene often associate Spenserian shame with virtue or social control: the blushes of virtuous maidens, the humiliation of dishonorable knights. This paper considers exceptional episodes that resist these prevailing patterns. I argue that shame marks precarious boundaries between persons and allegorical agents; it flares up at crucial moments of narrative disruption and personal transformation, including Malbecco’s metamorphosis into Gealousie and the strange emergence of interior feeling in the automaton False Florimell. Through these and other disparate episodes, Spenser challenges contemporary accounts of morality and affect, including Timothy Bright’s Treatise on Melancholie (1586), and anticipates modern debates inspired by Bernard Williams’ Shame and Necessity. Specifically, Spenser complicates two key distinctions between shame and guilt: first, that shame is a necessarily social affect that depends upon exposure to the sight of others; second, that guilt refers to one’s actions while shame refers to one’s whole identity.

Publication Type: Panel Paper
Abstract: In this talk I show that Aemilia Lanyer’s Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum interrogates ritualized slut shaming practices through her retelling of the Passion of the Christ. By situating women’s sexuality as always already public, Lanyer refigures the glorification of chastity and provides a method of sexuality for women beyond stability and privacy. This reconfiguration is made possible by focusing on powerful men’s inability to resist privileged women. I argue that Lanyer’s reconfiguration of sexual power comes at a cost. When she writes, “that all women deserve not to be blamed,” Lanyer fractures the idea of “woman” to allow some women sexual freedom while denying it to others. This fracturing is rooted on markers of class, religion, and race. By reading the rhetoric of slut shaming, I demonstrate how Lanyer reorders methods of punishment to negotiate sexual agency for elite women at the cost of poor, marginalized, and common women’s bodies.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper seeks to connect the epistemic dimensions of the experience of shame to the formal idea of “common knowledge.” Using this connection, I then highlight the requirement of what I call “fair public knowledge distribution” for egalitarian societies.

Part of the experience of shame, I hold, involves the conversion of some piece of knowledge from private to public. One feels shame when parts of oneself that are (and one thinks ought to be) private are seen–and thus become known–by others. What previously one knew in isolation, others now know, too. Moreover, one knows that these others now know this newly public fact—this is what makes shame an essentially social emotion. We feel shame in front of an other, even if the other is imagined. Private facts become public—social—knowledge.

The form of the public knowledge generated by an experience of shame broadly matches that of the formal concept of “common knowledge.” A group of individuals can be said to commonly know p when all individuals know p, all individuals know that all others know p, all individual know that all know that all others know p, and so on. Both shame’s ability to linger and its necessarily social aspect are best explained once one understands the distinctive form of the knowledge produced by shame’s occurrence.

Taking in shame’s epistemic aspects, I argue, allows us to build a fuller account of shame’s interaction with inequality, marginalization, and social difference. In virtue of shame’s epistemic structure, those within a society who deviate from society’s norms are more prone to experiences of shame. Occupying a position of social difference means that facts about oneself that would be private knowledge, if not for one’s difference, are, instead, common knowledge.

By implication, in order for equality to be instantiated fully within a society, the possibility of one’s experiencing shame and exposure must be distributed equally amongst all members of a society. Shame has clear (if not determinately so) negative consequences. A society in which certain individuals or groups of individuals experience shame at a higher rate than others cannot justifiably be deemed an egalitarian one. Part of shame’s perniciousness comes from the conversion of private knowledge into public knowledge involved. I develop this idea further, into what I call the “fair public knowledge distribution” requirement of egalitarian justice, which holds that, in order for a social norm to qualify as egalitarian, it must be the case that when the social norm is instituted in a given society, all individuals possess an equal chance of having their private knowledge become public knowledge.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Abstract: Self-conscious emotions are less often used in criminology as explanations for antisociality or criminality, yet other researchers have extensively associated these moral emotions with negative outcomes like depression, anxiety disorders, suicidal ideation, and even verbal and physical aggression. This paper examines the association of the self-conscious emotions of guilt, shame and blame on both instrumental and expressive antisociality of college students. While these emotions are often confounded and used interchangeably, research and measurement assessments have now provided evidence that these emotions are distinct and often result in different behaviors. Guilt is generally directly and negatively associated with antisociality, while shame is indirectly associated with antisociality through the emotion of blame. This paper uses path analysis to specify the effects of moral emotions on antisociality and extends the utility of using moral emotions as precursors not only of expressive antisociality (i.e. aggression) where it is most commonly used, but also of instrumental antisociality.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Because it is not clear why Jiang Jieshi’s [Chiang Kaishek] drew so persistently on ‘shame’ for his leadership, this paper outlines the method by which what one might call the “Confucian self” makes decisions. Within this Confucian framework, this paper argues that ‘shame’ occurs at certain moments, when propriety [li] has degenerated to where one side of the hierarchical relationship (i.e. ruler to ruled or father to son) has lost its standing (and usually it is the inferior side). ‘Shame’ serves a dual purpose of reinforcing or transforming the script of propriety (i.e. the rules of proper behavior between superior and inferior). Each side may exert great effort to reinforce or transform the script to prevent the relationship from degenerating. But, for various reasons, ‘shame’ might still occur. This paper demonstrates that the standards of ‘propriety’ might not follow the changing of times; the superior might be overbearing; the inferior operates with another standard. Because ‘shame’ often occurs on the inferior’s side, ‘shame’ becomes an important ideological resource and weapon of the weak to recover standing, and in the process, further reinforce or transform the script of propriety. Given the dire circumstances of the Chinese army and of society, Chiang’s uses of ‘shame’ become intelligible. Because China was always in the ‘inferior’ position in relation to the ‘superior’ imperial powers that had transgressed propriety, Jiang appealed to ‘shame’ to exhort his soldiers and citizens to overcome their dire situation and to recover their standing in the international community.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Drawing on theory and research from political science, psychology, and sociology, I argue that social groups shape the normative beliefs and actions of individuals who subjectively identify with the group, but that the role played by identification is largely mediated by individuals’ emotions. When our peers judge us, they arouse the emotions pride (when judgments are positive) and embarrassment and shame (when judgments are negative), and together these emotions motivate individuals to conform their own normative beliefs and actions to those of their peers. The “social-emotional influence” model is tested with data from an Internet survey-experiment conducted with a representative sample of Americans. The effects of experimentally induced emotions (pride and shame), in combination with pro-economic equality letters to the editor, were examined. The evidence for the hypotheses was mixed. Only conservatives were persuaded by the opinion stimuli in the absence of an induced emotion; however, when pride or shame was induced, persuasion among conservatives decreased whereas persuasion among younger moderates and liberals increased. This suggests that more attention must be paid to the context in which these self-conscious emotions are aroused. In addition, a direct, liberalizing effect for shame was discovered, suggesting that the importance of pride and shame to public opinion goes beyond their role in social-emotional influence.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Knowledge is power, but so is emotion. This paper will highlight how state rituals use the language of emotion to generate nationalism. Certainly, this is obvious. Public holidays evoke patriotic pride: Independence Day. But emotions are not just positive in these state-sanctioned events. England, America and China have each celebrated a 'National Humiliation Day', which was sanctioned by the monarch/president in wartime. China re-instituted this custom in 2001in its National Defence Law. The paper will do two things: it will genealogically chart the emergence of this curious custom by reading back from the present's centralized state rituals for the nation, to religious events for the monarch in the past. It will argue that the odd overlap between the wartime activities of the Church of England and the Chinese government shows that we need to understand identity as a positive/negative feeling: the nation is linked to humiliation. Secondly, it will explore the temporality of these events: National Humiliation *Day*. Just as shame generates pride, time generates place: the day generates the nation. The paper will conclude that international politics is framed by emotions like shame and pride. It uses the odd juxtaposition of early modern Anglo-America and late modern China to highlight the tension between the particular and the general in identity and violence.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: In this paper, I explore the role of shame in
understanding the confrontation between a philosopher and the customs
and laws of a political system. Specifically, the paper is divided into
three main sections.
The first section examines the significance of shame in two of Plato's
dialogues; the Crito and the Gorgias. I selected these two dialogues
because they represent two different dialogic contexts. In the Crito,
Plato presents a private dialogue between two old and dear friends. An
underlying theme of Crito is the role of shame and reputation as a
sanction or motivator of action in questions of justice. In a typical
Socratic conclusion, the dialogue emphasizes that a sense of shame
before the opinions of the many matters little in comparison with one's
reputation before the true expert. In contrast, the context of the
Gorgias is a dialogue between Socrates and three interlocutors in front
of an audience. An underlying theme of this dialogue, especially in the
conversation between Socrates and Callicles, is the association between
shame and truthfulness. Although Callicles boasts his discussion will
not be constrained by false shame, it is only Socrates who is willing
to express truthfulness in front of the young men, unimpeded by a sense
of shame. In the second section, I explore how Aristotle's
understanding of shame and shamelessness sheds light on the relevance
of shame in Plato's two dialogues. In the Rhetoric, Aristotle also
examines the connection between shame and opinion. According to
Aristotle, shame is a sort of pain or agitation concerning things that
seem to bring an individual into disrespect. In particular, Aristotle
distinguishes between two kinds of disgraceful things that can bring
about disrespect. In front of friends and familiars, human beings feel
shame for truly (aletheian) disgraceful things; however, in front of
strangers, we feel shame for that which is merely disgraceful due to
custom (nomos) or opinion (doxa). Hence, the individual concerned only
with truth and indifferent to shame associated with challenging
customary disgrace is, in fact, our friend. Those who remain
constrained by opinion and custom remain strangers. The final section
considers the implications of Plato's formula, which connects false
shame with opinion and expert knowledge with truth, in light of
Aristotle's discussion. The true expert concerning justice would be
someone who challenges the conventional justice of the city, without
the constraint of shame and concern for his reputation with the people.
In comparison, those who remain constrained by shame and reputation
remain equally constrained by notions of customary justice. For anyone
interested in truth and justice, in the expert we find not only
challenges to our conventional notions of justice, but also in his
questioning, the city finds its only true friend.

Publication Type: Poster
Abstract: This study measured the prevalence of bullying and victimization in the past couple of months and during childhood, among 527 students from Indiana University of Pa, using written questionnaires. Also measured, were the students’ levels of shame acknowledgement, shame displacement, shame internalization, self-esteem, empathy, impulsivity, exposure to positive parent-child affect, exposure to parental moralization, and exposure to parental stigmatization. These variables were tested for association with being a bully and/or a victim with logistical regression analyses.

Verbal bullying was the most common type of bullying perpetrated and bullying by ignoring and socially excluding someone was the second most common type. This was true for bullying within the past couple of months and during childhood. About 19.7% of the students were bullies in the past couple of months and 29.8% were bullies during childhood. More males than females engaged in every type of bullying measured for the past couple of months, and almost every type of bullying during childhood.

The most common type of victimization was verbal victimization, followed by being purposely ignored and excluded, and having false rumors and lies told about you. This was true for the past couple of months and during childhood. About 56.4% of the students were victims during childhood and 23.5% were victims within the past couple of months.

Being male increased the likelihood of being a bully within the past couple of months by 25.1%, impulsivity increased it 5.4%, shame displacement 3 increased it 5.1%, and parental stigmatization increased it 1.8%. The likelihood of being a childhood bully was increased 5.1% by shame displacement 3 and 4.4% by impulsivity. Empathy decreased the likelihood of being a childhood bully by 4.4%

The likelihood of being a victim in the past couple of months was increased 5.6% by shame acknowledgement 1, 4.5% by parental stigmatization, 4.0% by shame internalization, 3.4% by shame acknowledgement 3, and 3.6% by age. The only variable to increase the likelihood of being a victim during childhood was positive parent-child affect, which increased it by 17%.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: I take as a point of departure Eve Sedgwick’s contention in Touching Feeling (2003) that “[s]hame interests me politically, then, because it generates and legitimates the place of identity…but does so without giving that identity space the standing of an essence.” (64) I am interested literally in these places and spaces of identity to the extent that they are imbricated with shame. But, in a sense, I plan to consider the obverse of Sedgwick’s proposition: How are misplaced identities formed through the affect and effect of shame? How is the terrain of shame, a terrain of small upheavals, formed upon larger immigrant landscapes? And finally, how can a political interest in immigrant shame be clarified? I seek ultimately to delineate a space of constraint in the unfolding of history which is also the unfolding space of immigrant subjecthood. Its predication upon shame is the subject of my analysis.

My paper will proceed by way of a reading of Brown Girl, Brownstones, a 1959 novel by Paule Marshall. I will read a particular scene of shame from the novel in order to propose a vocabulary for immigrant shame. I am concerned here not only to describe immigrancy as it is constrained by shame, but also to redescribe shame as it is constrained by immigrancy, in effect, to find words for the formation of shame under constraint. To this extent, I plan to adapt the work of other shame theorists, most significantly that of psychologist Silvan Tomkins, to the scene of immigrant shame. For instance, whereas Tomkins argues that one’s experience of shame is undergirded by a positive affective interest or identification with another, I hope to consider the shameful ramifications of other kinds of interest, such as a survival interest or a self-interest, which might be operative in a scene of immigrant shame that is so often also a scene of inequity and coercion.

The larger goal is to put the scene of shame in its literal and historical place, to elaborate through Marshall’s writing what is, in effect, a structural shame, and to consider ultimately how immigrant lives are structured by the strictures of shame. The praxis that arises out of a shameful identity will be broached at first on textual terrain as I attempt to ask, in the words of Sedgwick, what kinds of “individuation” and “relationality” (37) are made possible at a given period and for a given generation of immigrants at the traverses of shame and constraint. But in the end I hope to step outside the text by considering, following Marshall, what it might mean critically to avow immigrant shame.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The global prohibition regime against human trafficking has taken a significant step forward since 2003 with the coming into force of the U.N. Palermo Protocol and the intensification of the U.S. Trafficking in Persons Report process. However, recent scholarship, as well as a 2006 U.S. General Accountability Office assessment of the TIP mechanism, reveals flaws in the conceptualization and implementation of the regime. In responding to its critics the U.S. Department of State has pointed to the effectiveness of its approach, especially the role of “name and shame” strategies in bringing countries such as Japan to task in meeting minimum standards of compliance in anti-trafficking efforts. Although anti-trafficking efforts have increased world-wide since 2003, the causal linkage between the extent of state compliance and the use of name and shame strategies remain underexplored. This paper draws on international law and international relations scholarship on the power and practice of normative sanction to begin to address the gap.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Truth Commissions are increasingly used as a tool of transitional justice, that is, as a process which will assist a country in moving from an authoritarian regime and/or violence to a post-conflict period of political opening. In this research, I argue that the process of a Truth Commission is at least as important as its outcome, and that this process must be one that engages the public so as to alter or even invert the political discourse. I use the case of El Salvador to argue that in cases where a Truth Commission does not directly engage public discourse, it cannot challenge the scripts which dominated the conflict period and therefore defined political actors, such as “insurgent” and “national security guarantor.” In such cases, the Truth Commission may publicize “the facts” of the conflict period, but cannot facilitate transition to a new discourse which allows for true reconciliation, and participatory governance.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper will seek to understand prisoner-on-prisoner confrontations by building upon Kenneth Dodge’s (1990) socio-cognitive explanation of interpersonal aggression. Research by Dodge and others suggests that violent behaviour is often the result of biased social-information processing (including: the overgeneralisation of hostility; hostile attributional bias; and a lack of perceived responsibility for their aggressive behaviour). Drawing on in-depth interviews with prisoners at a Category C prison, the present study seeks to examine whether these cognitive patterns are associated with prisoners’ self-narratives. Preliminary findings will be presented on the linkage between patterns of social-information processing and themes such as shame, masculinity and respect in the self-understandings of prisoners.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: In the 1920s and 30s, China faced both imperial aggression by Japan and severe domestic disunity. Given such an unfavorable structural context, how did Chiang Kai-shek sustain his leadership? This paper examines how Chiang constructed an ideological warrant based on the Confucian notion of shame to sustain his leadership and to pursue his political agenda of domestic unity first before confronting external threats.

Chiang mobilized shame in three important ways. First, he modeled his leadership after those leaders he perceived capable of enduring great humiliation, such as Jesus and the historical king, Gou Jian. Emulating Gou Jian’s daily reminder of humiliation, Chiang wrote a daily “avenging humiliation” entry in his diary. He not only wrote about concrete methods to strengthen the country but also about cultivating in himself the kind of leader who could avenge humiliation. Second, Chiang created narratives of shame that connected soldiers and citizens to the goal of avenging humiliation. Third, he often defined the content of humiliation and then disseminated his ideas to the public.

For Chiang, the shame discourse resonated both politically and personally. He drew strength from and shaped this ascetic ideology to carry himself and his followers through a difficult period in Chinese history. In addition, through shame, he connected his leadership to the survival of China as a nation-state. And finally, given his own sensitivity to shame, especially at losing his father at a young age, he put his imprint on a psychology of citizenship sensitive to national humiliation—a sensitivity that still reverberates today within the evolving and contested narrative of Chinese nationalism and identity.

Publication Type: Invited Paper

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: An examination of the rhetoric, meeting minutes, convention resolutions, and sermons by Christian fundamentalists in America reveals a consistent, and at time visceral, concern with "proper" gender roles. The original manifestation of Christian fundamentalism around the turn of the twentieth century can be read as a strong response to changing roles for women at home, the movement of women into broader social circles, the emergence of flappers and "independent" women, and the growing success of the suffrage movement.

The second manifestation of Christian fundamentalism in America is best analyzed through a study of the Southern Baptist Convention. With the changing gender roles that accompanied feminism in the late nineteen sixties and early nineteen seventies, Southern Baptist women began to enroll in seminaries, pastor churches, and even obtain positions as tenured faculty in Southern Baptist seminaries. Within less than a decade, conservative leaders of the church planned and executed a bloodless but brutal coup. As the leadership moved the convention further and further into a new and politicized fundamentalism, the most consistently and relentlessly targeted were women and the churches and seminaries that supported them in positions of leadership in the church. To emphasize the centrality of this doctrine to a rightly ordered family and righteously ordered church, each year the Southern Baptists gather in Convention and adopt yet another resolution on women and the church and/or women in the home. In each we hear echoes of Paul in his letter to Timothy or to the church in Corinth. Woman is silent and submissive.

In this paper I will, by comparing the rhetoric of early and contemporary Christian fundamentalism in the U.S., expose the centrality of gender and control of women as a fundamental driving force behind the claims to religious truth. Ultimately, we find what is always present in resurgences of fundamentalist religious belief: a reassertion and defense of patriarchy.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Restorative justice thought has been developed in part as an attempt to solve certain problems of retributive approaches of dealing with crime. Claims made by proponents of restorative justice vary with respect to what benefits restorative justice supposedly bring about. This paper deals with a subset of claims that posit that restorative justice i)accomplishes an appropriate redefinition of "crime" such that it, under the restorative justice framework, relates to a relationship between victim, offender, and in some cases community, and that ii)restorative justice can bring about more positive outcomes with respect to the relationship between victim and offender. One influential school of thought within the restorative justice field suggests that these goals can be best accomplished by using shaming techniques on the offender, rendering him/her more susceptible to the restorative justice practice. This paper investigates whether or not thinking of restorative justice from the perspective of Max Stirner's brand of philosophical anarchism can help restorative justice accomplish its goals without the need to resort to questionable shaming practices inflicted upon the offender.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: My paper investigates interconnections between gender, nation, race, and class in an International racist campaign against the use of French colonial troops in the Post-World War I Allied Rhineland occupation. Denounced as 'Black Shame', they were wrongly accused to rape German women on large scale. Focusing on the central role of gender in this discourse, the paper explains how German women were figuratively used as a metaphor for a threatened nation and 'white race'. Showing this discourse to be an example for categorical interlinks between race, nation, gender, and class in Modern racism, the author advocates their combined analysis.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Do international organizations affect government killing? Existing research has focused on the impacts of IO behavior on a set of human rights, but has not examined the ability of specific actors to protect specific rights. I analyze the naming-and-shaming behavior of three international organizations---Amnesty International, the Northern news media, and the United Nations Human Rights Commission---focusing particularly on their impacts on one-sided government killing. I present a theory of killing that accounts for both the government's decision to kill and perpetrators' implementation of the murderous policy. Focusing on that principal-agent relationship reveals several opportunities for IOs to influence killing, and statistical analyses support these expectations: I find that Amnesty International decreases the probability of killing through press releases and background reports, while the UN's Human Rights Commission decreases civilian death tolls through targeting, confidential consideration, advisory statements and public resolutions. Ultimately, naming and shaming is a useful means of preventing killing, and is also well-equipped to limit its escalation once killing begins.

Publication Type: Poster
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Thought suppression is associated with negative affect and psychopathology in sexual assault victims. Most studies measure thought suppression using the one-factor White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI). This study investigated the association between different negative emotions and thought suppression as measured by the one-factor and proposed two-factor and three-factor WBSI model. Shame was differentially correlated with thought suppression in the two-factor and three-factor models. Findings support using the multi-factor WBSI models to measure thought suppression, and suggest that thought suppression is particularly associated with feeling ashamed when employed by sexual assault victims. Results have implications for interviews of sexual assault victims.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper examines the emotional messages embedded in terrorist propaganda used in information wars. The paper argues that in every form of terrorist propaganda a subversive emotional code exists in the narrative. The emotion of shame in the written work of Sayyid Qutb, the ‘ideological godfather’ of modern violent jihadis, is identified and empirically examined using network text analysis (NTA). NTA is a methodology that combines both the advantages of qualitative and quantitative methods in a comparative framework. Natural language processing and sentiment analysis is also used in order to detect emotions in propaganda that intend to incite aggression. Shame and violence are usually cyclical and this paper intends to gain a better understanding of how shame is framed in its cultural context. This involves computational modeling of socio-technical systems, link analysis and network analysis to pilot a new way of identifying, examining and analyzing emotions. A shame ontology, a coding scheme or textual boundary, was created to detect affect in text. Findings include shame networks that demonstrate a diffused emotional structure and a less dense overall network.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Abstract: This paper will analyze the way a language of affect is used in The Piano to challenge and subvert hierarchies of gender and colonialism. I argue that the film theorizes the role of affect in the construction of patriarchal articulations of women and colonial representations of ‘the other.’ Examining the various ways in which the bodies of Ada and the Maori are marked, I focus on the themes of desire and shame.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper is part of a project that investigates the origins of major theoretical paradigms within American criminology. The current analysis will examine the social, intellectual, and personal sources of John Braithwaite's theory of reintegrative shaming.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This study examines the relationship between implicit attribution theories and emotion. We predicted entity theorists, who tend to believe personality is a fixed entity, would be more likely to experience shame relative to guilt, and feel more jealous than incremental theorists, who tend to believe personality is malleable. Findings support the hypothesized relationships predicting the experience of greater shame relative to guilt by entity theorists, and the reverse for incremental theorists.

Publication Type: Presentation
Abstract: The presentation examines the term “walk of shame” as revealing a negativity/stigmatization toward women who engage in “unplanned” sexual encounters, sometimes referred to as hooking up. The authors examine students’ constructions and reactions to the “walk of shame, ” examining the normative standards implied.

Publication Type: Session Paper
Abstract: In “Interlude, Pedagogic” (2003) Sedgwick describes a 1991 protest against a local PBS affiliate for refusing to broadcast Marlon Riggs’ “Tongues Untied.” The protest “smuggled in” the black, queer bodies of many of the protestors, thus “shaming” the affiliate into representing a piece of its public—black and queer—historically unrepresentable on North Carolina Public Television. Illustrating one route to exploring relationships among race, shame and representation, Sedgwick writes that the two ambitions of shaming and smuggling “gesture at…a tradition of philosophical/linguistic play between constative and performative utterance.” Protestors deployed shaming as a constative or declaration, a “reverse discourse” to pressure the local affiliate. But to work, shaming requires embodied re/presentation, that smuggling of bodies into the news scene to expose the practice and harm of refusing representation. Echoing Sedgwick, I explore constative shaming and its inverse, performative “ignorance,” as representational tactics in three black, queer works: “Tongues Untied,” “Watermelon Woman” (1996), and “Still Black” (2008).

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This critical autoethnography explores the political implications of anal sex as a rite of passage in the gay community. Using Goffman's work on stigma, I describe how gay men who are just beginning to explore their sexuality after coming out experience pressures to engage in anal sex from other gay peers. When they decide not to engage in anal sex, they are often stigmatized. Exploring feelings of tension between dominant discourses of HIV/AIDS and a need for "gay authenticity," I provide a narrative that disidentifies with the ideology of anal sex as a rite of passage for gay men. I propose alternative discourses on sexual activity and combat the ideology that penetration has to be the most prominent in the hierarchy of sex acts.

Publication Type: POSTER
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: In a survey of Asian and non-Asian women in Canada, recently immigrated Asian women were more likely, due to cultural conflict, to manifest greater body shame and higher eating disorder symptomatology. Body shame declined with longer residency (acculturation). In contrast, non-Asian women showed increasing body mass index and symptomatology with longer residency.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript

Publication Type: Undergraduate Poster Presentations
Review Method: Peer Reviewed

Publication Type: Roundtable Presentation
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This study compares four Korean–English bilinguals’ experiences and verbal expressions of shame between Korean and English contexts. These bilinguals experienced more shame and employed more diverse shame words more frequently when speaking Korean than English. Korean-English bilinguals’ dynamics of shame experiences and their verbal expressions are also discussed.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Red carpet affects have been prevalent throughout new religious movements research. While red carpet affects are often discussed in terms of what is and is not seen by researchers, this performance piece strives to go one step further and elucidate what is hidden from potential recruits, community members, journalists, as well as researchers. What is formally revealed and hidden speak to larger negotiations of pride and shame in NRMs. This research focuses on negotiations of shame and pride in one NRM, the Twelve Tribes. Concentrating on the formal script members in this group cite from, patterns of pride surrounding doctrine are revealed. At the same time, actions of members that go against this formal script can be observed but are not willingly discussed by members. This insinuates a level of shame surrounding the actions that don’t fall inline with the formal script.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Though social movement scholars and civil rights organizations alike to continue to study the structural and ideational dimensions of the various subcultures that comprise the white supremacist movement, little attention has been given explicitly to the emotional dynamics of these collectivities. The objective of this paper, then, is to inductively explore how frames, themes, and discourses are used within white power music to explicate emotional norms and foundations and in turn link these affective structures to particular cognitive understandings of the social environment. Using a purposive sample of music lyrics and both interpretive coding and computer modeling, this study draws from Thomas Scheff’s work on emotions and the social bond and Steven Gordon’s emotion culture framework to suggest that two particular genre-specific frames are prevalent throughout the data: the victimized/oppressed frame and the warrior/aggressor frame. These large, abstract frames in turn facilitate more specific discursive strategies and their cognitive and emotive dimensions. Despite the thematic differences inherent in each frame, it is posited here that many of the grievances and resistances share a common impetus: a perceived threat to the actors’ social bonds to nation, race, and culture, which manifests as an “attack” on white masculinity, traditionalism, and natural superiority. White supremacist music lyrics therefore function in large part to downplay feelings of shame and highlight feelings of pride for in-group members while simultaneously projecting expectations of shame and low levels of pride onto out-group members in an increasingly non-patriarchal and progessivist society. In addition to its more specific contributions, this study highlights the importance of foregrounding emotions in the sociological study of ideology as it relates to social movement cognitive processes.

Publication Type: Paper (prepared oral presentation)
Abstract: The ethos of conflict (EOC) is defined as a system of shared societal beliefs that characterize societies involved in intractable conflicts. It has been argued that the EOC develops as it does because it serves the needs of society members in situations of conflict (Bar-Tal, 2013). The present research will focus on one specific need that the EOC serves, namely, allowing society members to continue engaging in harmful behaviors toward the outgroup while avoiding experiences of collective guilt and shame. Two studies, conducted with Israeli Jewish participants in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, investigated this function of the EOC. Study 1 demonstrated that participants reporting high adherence to the EOC were less responsive to a manipulation intended to induce collective guilt and shame than those reporting high EOC adherence. Study 2 sought to demonstrate that high accessibility of the EOC made the down-regulation of collective guilt and shame less difficult and hence less susceptible to cognitive load. The findings suggest that the EOC contributes to the continuation of intractable conflicts partly by enabling harmful behaviors toward the rival group without negative emotional consequences.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This investigation examined whether Chinese and Americans varied in guilt and shame. In addition, the concept of interpersonal relationship boundary permeability was introduced to explain the cultural differences in affective states. A 2 (closeness) X 3 (targets of harm) design was employed with 942 participants. Results showed targets of harm significantly influenced guilt and shame. Relational closeness did not impact either guilt or shame. American participants exhibited stronger guilt and shame than Chinese on scaled items, while Chinese had more open-ended shame expressions than Americans. Boundary permeability appeared to be important for Americans and Chinese.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: In 2011 a police officer told students at York University that to avoid rape they should not dress like sluts, sparking a new form of social activism called “SlutWalks” which spread throughout the world. This incident exposes the misogyny and victim-blaming that characterize the patriarchal culture. In the wake of the SlutWalks, this session will address how Slutwalkers refuse to be blamed and shamed for sexual violence, how they are challenging rape cultures while strengthening sexual agency and whether they reflect the aspirations of women of color who face different historical and cultural realities without the cushion of white privilege.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This presentation describes a child-focused reanalysis of the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE) conducted in Canberra (Strang 2002). Using a randomized experimental design RISE showed that restorative justice (RJ) is significantly more satisfying than court for both victims and offenders. It did not, however, explore the effect of victims’ age (being a minor under the age of 18) and baseline differences in the level of harm caused to victims of different crimes on outcome variables. In the current study we used a two-factor ANCOVA to address these questions. Main findings suggest that whereas RJ made adults more satisfied than courts, conference juvenile victims were less satisfied than court juvenile victims. Moreover, more serious harm was associated with decreased process satisfaction for all victims. A complementary qualitative analysis focusing on the documented experiences of juvenile victims in RJ conferences identified adult domination and insensitivity to youth’s special needs as recurring themes. The study is a first step in the theoretical development and practical fine-tuning of RJ involving child victims. It highlights the need to develop child-inclusive restorative justice programs in order to fulfill the potential of RJ in promoting victims’ wellbeing and warns against a “one-size-fits-all” implementation of RJ principles in the case of victimized youth.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Today social scientists pay a great attention to moral emotions – shame, guilt, envy, jealousy, resentment, and their derivatives such as humiliation, contempt, anger, hatred and hostility. These emotions are considered to be negative both by ordinary people and experts, as an attention is primarily focused on the dysfunctions of these emotions, their psychological and medical harm. It is often overlooked the social functions of these emotions. But it is important to understand under what conditions these emotions in modern societies are functional or dysfunctional, as well as social mechanisms of balancing these emotions.
Negative emotions, like many positive emotions, promote various types of social cohesion, because these emotions regulate behaviour in accordance with social norms, increase sensitivity to assessments of other people, act as a factor of socialization. All in all they play the role in the integration and regulation in group behaviour. Up to T. Scheff in modern societies experience of shame increases, and shaming experience causes not only the disruption of social ties, but also different kinds of cohesion. Shame, especially chronic, can hold together the entire national communities and ethnic groups. Similar conclusions can be drawn regarding the jealousy and envy, and ressentiment and guilt. The studies showed that in today’s Russia under the influence of social crises negative emotions acted as neo-archaic mechanisms that brought people together in separate groups, and it was not expressed in the evident weakening of the overall social solidarity, but such negative emotions strengthened group solidarity and the general political apathy.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Abstract: Narratives about asexuality often focus on three affects: anxiety, shame, and abjection, which are both experienced by asexually-identified people and projected onto them by others, presumably sexuals. Drawing on Cvetkovich’s writings on trauma and Sedgwick’s on shame, I will reexamine these three affects in order to explore their productive potential as a possible basis for asexual self-identification. I will argue that the fact that some asexuals are assumed to have experienced, or in fact do experience these negative affects in relation to sex, does not need to delegitimize asexual identity, but can instead become its constitutive element.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: As a result of recent technological advances, citizens can now interact with local governments online through social media platforms in addition to more traditional tools like phone calls and emails. While social media could expand citizen access to government representatives, there are key differences between traditional communication and social media platforms, specifically the public/private nature and social norms regarding the appropriate tone of the communication. As local governments increasingly adopt social media platforms, it is unclear how the key differences in traditional communications and social media platforms may impact government responsiveness to citizen inquiries. Do citizens who use social media receive better and/or faster responses than citizens who use other forms of communication?
Using a field experiment, we examine how responsiveness varies when citizen requests are made with more traditional (and private) tools, such as e-mail, as compared to newer (and more public) methods such as Twitter, and how the tone a citizen uses in a message impacts responsiveness. In a request sent to each city through each platform (Twitter and email), we randomize the question asked and the tone of the message. We then analyze the amount of time that elapses before the local government responds to the question (if at all) and the quality of the local government’s response. The results shed light on important tenets of American democratic governance as they directly examine whether government officials live up to the standard of equality in political responsiveness when using newer e-government tools to interact with citizens.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Abstract: (Co-presenting with Roza Nozari)

The classroom, with all of its (re)mappings of “cis-hetero-patriarchal-capitalist” and colonial discourses, continues to dis/place racialized students from processes of knowledge production. Racialized students often carry the burden of destabilizing such spaces in opening them up to decolonial ways of knowing. We will offer an affective cartography of our negotiation of classroom spaces through performativity. Alongside our analysis, we seek to illuminate the psychic and material energies depleted in these processes of negotiation; that (re)placing oneself into such spaces comes at a disproportionate cost to our psychic spaces and bodies.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Abstract: (Co-presenting with Tina Kong)

The classroom, with all of its (re)mappings of “cis-hetero-patriarchal-capitalist” and colonial discourses, continues to dis/place racialized students from processes of knowledge production. Racialized students often carry the burden of destabilizing such spaces in opening them up to decolonial ways of knowing. We will offer an affective cartography of our negotiation of classroom spaces through performativity. Alongside our analysis, we seek to illuminate the psychic and material energies depleted in these processes of negotiation; that (re)placing oneself into such spaces comes at a disproportionate cost to our psychic spaces and bodies.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Abstract: The film industry is a western colonial project with western beauty ideals. Fat bodies are other and colonized. To exist as a fat female in today’s society is rebellion itself. Angela Stukator claims that fat women in comedy are empowered through participating in Bakhtin’s definition of the carnivalesque; through making weight-centered jokes, fat women supposedly reclaim autonomy. Melissa McCarthy rebels against the carnivalesque, especially in the film Spy. McCarthy’s dismissal of bodily humor and self-deprecation represents a turning point in fat representation. Moreover, her presence as an unapologetic fat woman with agency decolonizes mainstream ideas of fat women.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Under clear circumstances of risk to children, social workers identify the risk level and make appropriate decisions. However, under ambiguous circumstances (e.g., neglect or suspicion of parental violence), social workers' judgments and decisions tend to be affected by personal biases. Thus, we will explore the possible effects of exposure to client violence on such decision making processes. Exposure to client aggression and cynber-bullying has been shown to be associated with workers well-being (e.g., somatic and traumatic symptoms), dropout and intentions to leave work, presenteeism at work, and affected family life. The goal of the current presentation is to experience and discuss the possible effects of client aggression, and cyber-bullying on child-protection decision making. It will utilize participants' professional and personal experiences, through open dialog and discussion with the audience in order to examine the differences between decision-making under "sterile" conditions vs. decision making while being threatened by clients.

Publication Type: Work in Progress
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper explores the implications of the dissemination of mugshots via police department Facebook pages. Posting mugshots to state-sponsored Facebook pages has lasting impacts on the accused because of the nature of digital footprints (Hess and Waller, 2014). In addition to shaping a person’s identity, publishing mugshots on Facebook gives the public an opportunity to comment, exposing accused individuals to public shaming. In order to illustrate this digital violence, theoretical frameworks are presented and applied to the case of the Utica Police Department—which has been using Facebook to publish mugshots of alleged female prostitutes and the men that solicit them (“johns”). The mugshots of the alleged female offenders have garnered more attention and commentary than those of johns arrested in the same sting. After analyzing the police department’s practices through a postfeminist lens, I conclude that law and policy intervention is needed to protect the accused women.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: The “desire” for Black women’s bodies is still intimately connected to the language of rights and property. This paper addresses how the flows of affect, specifically as it exists in shame and desire, are informed by what Frantz Fanon stated as the sociogenic principle. In this way, desire and shame are impersonal as they have their roots in the social historical. Building upon this thread of thought, this argument, through cultural/sexuality studies, lens will unpack how aberrant affect, specifically shame, constitutes Black women’s bodies and sexualities in the world.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Shame is the most paradoxical passion that Aristotle considers in his Rhetoric, for it is as deeply personal as it is political. As he initially defines it, shame is “a certain pain or agitation over bad deeds, present, past, or future, that appear to bring one into disrepute” and is felt if these bad deeds are one’s own or belong to those whom one esteems (hōn phrontizei) (Rh. 1383b13-15). Shame is a political passion in that it is inseparably bound to what is praised or blamed, and that which merits praise or blame is at least partially determined by what the political community honors and censures. Yet Aristotle distinguishes shame felt in conventional circumstances around strangers and that felt in relation to friends and those one loves. Shame in the latter sense is experienced “on true grounds” (pros alētheian) while in the former according to convention (pros ton nomon) (Rh. 1384b23-27). While shame initially appears to be concerned with what is merely conventionally base or ugly, through Aristotle’s tutelage it gradually comes to light as ordered towards the defense of what is truly noble or beautiful (kalon), and, further, the defense of this same thing within one’s community.

Essentially, shame is the passion that motivates virtue and defends one’s desire not only to seem but also to be noble. Shame both separates individuals from the community (for that praise or honor that attends noble deeds cannot simply be held in common) and simultaneously draws them back into the community through love. As Aristotle presents it, the shame that accompanies love is ordered towards the protection and hence the possibility of nobility that we strive for both as individuals and as a community. What is honored or censured by a community molds the shame of its citizens. Yet even conventional shame, shaped as it is through what is esteemed by the city, is ordered to the protection of what is noble. Thus “in all cases one needs to draw what is held in honor toward what is noble,” and what is noble in Aristotle’s account is preserved through shame, the passion that defends the soul of a city (Rh. 1367b12-13). This defense of the city’s soul occurs through epideictic rhetoric, the kind of speech that stirs our hearts and moves us towards what is noble and the kinds of virtuous actions that are beyond political reward.

Publication Type: Panel Paper
Abstract: Pandolfo Rucellai (1436-1497) is certainly better known as a Dominican brother, theologian and ultimately a saint, than as a practicing member of a lay confraternity. Therefore, it is understandable that while his published religious writings are familiar sources, utilised by twenty-first century scholars, his confidential confraternal epistles have only recently been unearthed and have never before been circulated nor analysed to any degree. Accordingly, this paper will scrutinise several newly discovered notes that Pandolfo composed during his time with the Buonomini di San Martino and also reflect on various ledger entries pertaining to his activities within this same lay confraternity. In tandem with other literary sources and through inter-textual analyses, this paper will aim to shed light on Pandolfo’s role within this most private of sodalities while simultaneously informing our understanding of his character prior to canonisation.

Publication Type: Abstract
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Currently, all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and the United States (US) federal government use electronic monitoring devices to surveil people released under probation, parole, and pretrial monitoring programs. In this paper, I argue that the material form of networked information technologies requires scholarly study and policy oversight and regulation equal to that directed at the data gathered and analyzed by these technologies. I support this argument in a case study analysis of electronic ankle monitor’s material form. The politics of data are currently being intensely investigated. The research I present here complements such ongoing lines of investigation through documenting the politics that the material form – the aesthetics of a device’s hardware - can also carry. The article is divided into four parts. First, I provide an overview of the relationship between information, stigma, and social control. Second, I describe what “stigma symbols” are and how they function in society, drawing upon an arresting array of empirical examples. Third, I outline the history and development of electronic ankle monitors. Fourth, and finally, I describe five crucial “echo effects” that electronic ankle monitors’ material form imposes upon their wearers, which expand the harms they experience beyond those incurred from the device’s primary use as a tool of remote law enforcement surveillance. I conclude by noting that ethical oversight and regulation of digital tools cannot apply solely to their data or their physical aesthetics, it must govern both elements of devices simultaneously.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Millions fled conflict zones in Syria and Afghanistan in recent years, migrating to Europe at a historically unprecedented rate. As the refugee crisis deepened, Europe’s far right parties fuelled voters’ fears concerning what the influx would mean for their nations. In this paper, I leverage the onset of the Syrian refugee crisis as a shock to the European political space, quantifying the degree of legitimacy the European public has imparted on these radical parties as a result of this shock. In the first stage of the analysis, I utilize paired pre-election polls and actual vote counts across state and regional elections pre- and post-crisis to provide evidence that far right sympathists often practiced preference falsification prior to this legitimizing shock, but that the crisis reshaped the political conversation such that far right identification is no longer perceived as politically shameful. In the second stage of this study, I use priming and list experiments embedded in a survey to determine whether there is a significant difference between subjects’ willingness to identify with the far right when questions are framed such that there is an explicit social desirability dimension versus when the purpose of the question is left vague, with no clear socially desirable response. This survey experiment was fielded in three countries: Hungary, Germany, and France. I find strong evidence that far right supporters today are comfortable revealing their political preferences when I apply either an explicit or implicit measurement approach, but that preferences are still falsified when the far right is openly framed as illegitimate and socially undesirable. Although the theoretical framework surrounding preference falsification is well developed in the social movement literature as well as in American politics, this paper demonstrates that it has untapped parallels in the study of Europe’s far right.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Justice is often thought to be the most essential political virtue, in ancient as well as contemporary political thought. With this in mind, it is a striking fact of Greek political thought that justice (dikē) is consistently paired with shame (aidōs, often translated as reverence), not only in the archaic poetry of Hesiod but throughout the political dialogues of Plato. In the Protagoras Plato presents a myth where political virtues, chiefly shame and justice, are distributed democratically, and in his last work, the Laws, he builds an extensive system of social controls via praise and blame based on the premise that justice is in fact “the daughter of shame.”
This link between justice and shame points to an under-studied aspect of Athenian political thought. In classical Greece, shame was considered to be a crucial pro-social ingredient in the construction of a shared political life. This paper aims both to clarify the mechanism through which shame was thought to function as an agent of social cohesion and to show that shame itself was in fact itself known to be dependent on other, prior aspects of social and political life. If justice needs shame, shame needs a pre-existing communal consensus about what is shameful – a consensus that draws on shared political, familial, and especially religious practices and preconceptions.
The first part of the paper engages with Bernard Williams’ arguments about shame as a regulative emotion for ethical life as it emerges in Attic tragedy. Through a reading of Euripides’ Hippolytus (a play also discussed by Williams), it shows that while Williams perceptively analyzed the ability of shame to connect the expectations of society with the inner psychology of ethical decisions, Euripides (and others) understood that this connection was a fragile one. The Hippolytus, it is argued, gives us a clear and powerful example of what Euripides thought the consequences for social stability might be in the case of dissenting understandings of shame.
The second part of the paper argues that Plato was aware of this instability around shame. If, as Christina Tarnopolsky has shown, Plato made extensive use of the virtue-producing capacities of shame in his earlier dialogues, especially the Gorgias, the Laws finds him exploring some of the same deficits in shame that emerged in the Hippolytus. In the Laws Plato paints a picture of Athens as a society where reverent behavior has given way to shamelessness (and, not unrelatedly, piety has given way to atheism). His constitutional proposals in the Laws thus present a novel form of institutional design, meant not only to produce justice, and not even merely to produce shame, but to produce the social pre-conditions for shame including piety and a hierarchy of values shared between citizens.
Contemporary political science has begun to take political emotions seriously as an important aspect of understanding how individual psychological states map on to collective action in politics. The Greeks were aware of this same problem and assigned shame a central role in mediating between the internal world of the individual and the institutions of public life. By exploring shame’s role in Greek thought, and two analyses of the failure of shame to produce pro-social results, this paper hopes to provide a case study of the deep pre-conditions for the sort of democratic consensus the Greeks believed to be both possible and optimal.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: In the last three decades, scholars and activists have argued that international “naming and shaming” can improve human rights conditions around the world. In addition to applying pressure from “above,” many argue that foreign shaming mobilizes domestic populations against the rights violating state. This paper challenges that conventional wisdom, arguing that international pressure can backfire by provoking a nationalist reaction. Drawing on survey experiments from a nationally representative sample, we show that human rights shaming exerts counterproductive effects on national opinion in the country being shamed. Specifically, foreign condemnation drives higher nationalist sentiments, a more positive perception of local human rights conditions, and less support for international institutions and advocacy groups. These findings have broad implications for theories of international norms, advocacy, and law.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: The sexual objectification of women regularly appears in popular culture, including movies, rap songs, and music videos. Popular culture can influence the way people view women, including increasing negative perspectives on sexual harassment, sexual assault, and slut shaming. In our research, we surveyed 324 Mexican-American high school students on rape myth culture using a modified Illinois IRMA survey and a series of school-based hypotheticals. Using two different dependant variables, we created two regression models to examine influences on students’ perspectives on school-based harassment and slut shaming. Grade level significantly related to a rejection of rape myth culture, both for regression model 1 “school-based sexual harassment” (p<0.001)) and model 2 “school-based slut shaming” (p<0.001). Rap music was significantly and negatively related, suggesting a relationship between listening to rap music and acceptance of rape myth culture in school-based sexual harassment (p<0.05) and slut shaming (p<0.05). In other words, as students increased in grade levels, they were less likely to blame women for harassment shaming. Listening to rap music reflected the opposite effect, increased blaming of women for harassment and slut shaming. Finally, gender significantly related to acceptance or rejection of rape myth culture in both models. However, while female students were significantly more likely to reject rape myth culture for school-based sexual harassment (p<0.001), they were also significantly more likely to blame females for slut shaming (p<0.001). These findings can help school target programming or curriculum for male students to improve perspectives on sexual harassment, while also targeting programming or curriculum for female students to address slut shaming.

Publication Type: Session Paper
Abstract: Since its unforgettable Cannes premiere where the cast declared “Brazil experienced a coup,” Kleber Mendonça Filho’s Aquarius has fascinated critics and audiences. Yet, absent from discussions about cinematic soft power and Recife gentrification is an analysis of the tour-de-force main character, Clara (Sonia Braga), a retired music critic and cancer survivor.

Clara’s body is a site of paradox, what Massumi (2002) calls “the virtual,” or “a lived paradox where what are normally opposites coexist, coalesce and connect” (30). Clara is at once old and young (beautiful, desirable and sexual), gesturing toward a fluid construction of age. Moreover, she is prideful and filled with shame. Ahmed (2015) describes the experience of shame as “the affective cost of not following the scripts of normative existence” (107). Clara’s shame originates from her deviation from two “binding” societal “ideals”: first, opting out of breast reconstruction after a single mastectomy in the 1980s, and second, refusing to move out of her condo, which would effectively define her as ‘old.’ These choices affect Clara as she wrestles with the “cost” of non-normative existence, i.e. her discomfort with sexual relationships and -harsh criticism she receives for rejecting the (patriarchal) developers’ offers to buy her condo. Ultimately, while Clara’s body calls into question collective Brazilian shame about certain (aging, racialized) bodies, a force feeding into Brazil’s regime of “beauty biopolitics” and obsession with plastic surgery (Jarrín 2017), Aquarius’s affective radicality is curbed by the star behind Clara: a beautiful, ‘ageless’ actress whose body is known to be normative.

Publication Type: Research Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This study investigates a federal accountability tool focused on college affordability where institutions with the largest increase (top 5%) in tuition or net price are included on a public website. I use a regression discontinuity design due to the assignment mechanism. I find no consistent effect of list inclusion.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Purpose: While criminology has examined incarcerated sex offenders, there is a dearth of knowledge about non-reported sexually transgressive acts. In addressing this research gap, the aim of this paper is to integrate micro-sociological and narrative criminological perspectives on sexual transgressions and identify typologies of sexual transgression using data from non-reported, sexual violations.
Methods: Applying a sample of six in-depth qualitative interviews, the paper investigates young males’ retrospective and prospective self-constructions as sexual transgressors.
Results: Applying Thomas Scheff’s micro-sociological theory of emotions, shame is identified as a self-conscious emotion that influences both the situational dynamics of the sexual transgressions and the narrative constructions of selves among the transgressors. Given the absence of formal sanctions, the transgressors create coping narratives about their sexually transgressive acts which translate into distinct strategies to prevent future transgressions.
Conclusions: Findings suggest that emotions of shame shape the sexually transgressive encounters as well as the perpetrators’ constructions of selves in the aftermaths of the incidents. The paper closes with a discussion of how these insights into the emotional and biographical aspects of sexual transgressions may inform crime prevention initiatives aimed at reducing recidivism among sexual offenders.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: The paper will explore the negative impact of digitally-enabled naming and shaming on children in ‘conflict with the law’. It will draw on extensive documentary analysis, content analysis of mainstream print media and social media content, interviews with children, their advocates, journalists, police and politicians in the UK (Gordon, 2018; Gordon, Forthcoming). The case studies discussed will explore the surveillance, dataveillance and usage of children’s social media content, often without their consent and will demonstrate how social media platforms and their usage by the mainstream media and police, add an additional layer to the criminalisation, demonisation and vilification of the most marginalised children. It will analyse case law relating to the release of children’s imagery, as well as the issue of ‘pre-charge identification’ (Gordon, 2017). Drawing on critical criminological literature such as Cohen (1972), this paper will explore the symbiotic relationships between the media and police in the digital age, and their monitoring and usage of social media platforms. Further it will demonstate the longer-term consequences of those children who are positioned contemporary ‘folk devils’ in the digital age.

Publication Type: Working Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: If the “sharing economy” can help consumers both save money and enjoy variety, why might some consumers feel uncomfortable doing so? We find accessing goods via sharing systems can create shame, particularly among financially-constrained consumers. For these individuals, accessing goods as a means of obtaining variety is seen as socially-inappropriate.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Since the 1970s, there has been an explosion of activity on the topic of human rights.
Governments, intergovernmental organizations, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have
increasingly seen human rights abuses as a cause for concern outside of the country in which they
take place. This study attempts to ascertain the impact of foreign human rights criticism by
examining the level of repression governments used in response to 252 contentious challenges that
occurred in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, and Venezuela between 1981 and 1995. This
analysis considers whether these governments had been criticized for human rights abuses prior to
the challenges and their amount of foreign aid dependency in addition to a host of domestic
factors. While a general measure of human rights criticism (from all sources) was found to have
no significant impact on subsequent repression, human rights criticism from intergovernmental
organizations was found to significantly reduce political repression for those governments that
were more dependent on foreign aid. Thus, based on these findings, it is a combination of
criticism by these organizations and vulnerability on the part of the target governments that causes
them to change their behavior.

Publication Type: Proceeding

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Why, and under what conditions, can weak actors influence the behavior of the strong? Traditional IR theory avers that capabilities dictate outcomes. Yet, despite the hypothesized, inevitable consequences of such power asymmetries, sometimes, to paraphrase Thucydides, the weak succeed in doing what they can, not simply suffering what they must (e.g., Mack 1978; Arreguin-Toft 2001, 2005; Greenhill 2002, forthcoming). One method whereby weak actors effectively exercise influence is by harnessing the power of norms (Keck and Sikkink 1998). Under certain conditions, weak actors can turn the virtues of the powerful against them, by exposing the distance between what they say and what they do and thereby imposing on them what one scholar has termed "hypocrisy costs" (Greenhill 2002, 2004, forthcoming). However, strong actors vary in the degree to which they make themselves vulnerable to rhetorical entrapment. Moreover, different constellations of interest group mobilization can make strong actors more or less susceptible to weak actor influence. One of our central claims is that strong actors are especially vulnerable to weak actor influence when the strong actor has made many statements in support of a norm (“high rhetorical entrapment”) and both pro-norm and anti-norm advocates are mobilized to impose high political costs.

In this paper, we use comparative case study analysis to demonstrate that different combinations of rhetorical entrapment and interest group mobilization can explain when weak actors have influence over the strong. The cases we study include NGO campaigns for the International Criminal Court, focusing on the policies of two hard cases, France and the United States. We also study two migration cases where weak actors (Jean-Bertrand Aristide of Haiti and Erich Honecker of East Germany) successfully used pro-human rights norms and the strategic threat of migration to coerce stronger powers (the United States and West Germany, respectively). In the conclusion, we outline the further implications of the argument, including what it has to say about outcomes in additional norms-charged issue areas, such as funding of anti-retroviral drugs and the treatment of detainees at Guantánamo Bay Naval Station.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: A problem for contemporary justice systems is how to provide supervision of lawbreakers who have yet to or will not buy into certain norms of society; how do social control institutions attempt to illicit a desire in youth to comply with laws and acceptable behavior? In particular, the role of shaming in contemporary juvenile justice progress reports is explored and discussed. This type of hearing, a stage in institutional processing that allows for judicial supervision of minors, is the focus of study because it highlights how court staff attempt to provide continual supervision of minors as well as demonstrates the importance of interactions between minors and judges during the supervision process. It is at this stage where judges make assessments of minors and these characterizations of cases leads to subsequent processing stages in minors’ institutional careers. Qualitative methodologies are used to provide an updated analysis of the routine activities interactions court staff, minors and their parents have during juvenile court progress reports. This study documents and outlines an emerging form of justice shaming, one that cannot be simply categorized as stigmatizing or reintegrative. Such an understanding about continual justice supervision adds a new dimension to the investigation of social control in contemporary societies.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Juvenile Court philosophy has come under constant attack since its creation in 1899. While its original emphasis on rehabilitation has been eroded over time and replaced with due process and more punitive models, some believe that a shift to a more restorative model of justice is both warranted and fast approaching (Hay & Stafford, 2002). While most literature on the juvenile court has focused on juvenile offending, it is important to remember that child abuse and neglect cases are also handled under the juvenile court. The current project seeks to determine if new court initiatives in the dependency arena of juvenile court reflect a restorative and reintegrative approach according to Braithwaite’s (1989) Reintegrative Shaming model. Preliminary finding suggest that the observed court model has made considerable effort to avoid stigma’s such as “bad parent” and “addict”, and create an environment that fosters interdependency and communitarianism among offenders and court personnel, both important to the success of any restorative effort.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Recent years have seen a surge in social movements that target corporations—over their labor practices, environmental impacts, benefits for same-sex partners, and a variety of other issues. Social movement theorists and researchers have taken only preliminary steps toward explaining the dynamics of these movements. We examine existing theories of “industry opportunity structures” and incorporate ideas about globalization and grievances in order to explain the dynamics of firm-targeting in the labor rights and anti-sweatshop movement of the 1990s. Using an original and unique dataset on campaigns targeting apparel, textile, and footwear firms, we develop systematic analyses (using panel models) of why some firms are targeted to a greater extent than others. Why, for instance, did Nike, the Gap, and others become synonymous with the sweatshop stigma while other companies escaped this scrutiny? Our findings confirm some of the prevailing wisdom about the vulnerabilities inherent in corporate reputation and particular market positions. Yet we also find that these opportunity-based arguments take us only part of the way toward explaining this wave of activism. The globalization of production matters in important ways—and we find that activists tended to punish the most aggressive globalizers. In addition, we find evidence that the local embeddedness of activism matters, in that companies located in centers of activism tend to be targeted more than others. We use these findings to inform the growing literature on anti-corporate movements and the intersections of social movement theory and organizational theory.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Are violators of international human rights norms punished with lower levels of foreign aid? This paper suggests that international organizations play an important and underappreciated role in the sanctioning of rights abusing countries, at a cost to the abusers in foreign aid. Delegation of norms enforcement to a multilateral aid institution helps states overcome a coordinative dilemma of selecting violations that are worthy of punishment and a collaboration dilemma that arises from the strategic and competitive nature of bilateral aid relations. Thus, this paper hypothesizes that public resolutions adopted by the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) provide valuable information to the World Bank (and other multilateral lending institutions) about the existence of rights violations and a political consensus that a specific norm violator should be punished. Statistical analyses show that the adoption of a UNCHR resolution condemning a country’s human rights record results in a sizeable reduction in multilateral, and especially World Bank, aid but has no effect on the country’s aggregate bilateral aid receipts. The discerned effects are robust to different model techniques and specifications, including the estimation of a treatment effect model. These findings suggest that seemingly symbolic resolutions may carry tangible consequences.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The concept of shame and its implications within the sphere of international ethics and justice has remained largely unexplored. Much more focus has been on developing legal and moral frameworks for the ascription of guilt and responsibility as a way of counteracting the exercise of power. However, guilt remains an individualistic concept usually situated within an established legal framework. When tackling questions of collective and historical responsibility ascribing guilt remains more problematic. This paper first seeks to explore the conceptual underpinnings of shame as a particular social ethics. Building on the work of Emanuel Levinas, Jacques Derrida and more recently that of Giorgio Agamben, we argue that an ethics of shame is a vital component in understanding how questions of historical and collective responsibility are entwined with the production of historical knowledge and power at the global and regional level. The second part of the paper develops a case study based on the persistent denial of responsibility on the part of successive Turkish governments concerning the Armenian genocide of 1915. We argue that such a consistent denial cannot be solely attributed to a fear of material liability but rather to an underlining fear of collective and historical shame.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper examines the rise of private systems for monitoring or certifying labor conditions in the global apparel industry. In response to anti-sweatshop activism, a number of different programs were created in the mid- to late-1990s, including (in the U.S. alone) the Fair Labor Association, Social Accountability International, Worldwide Responsible Apparel Production, and the Worker Rights Consortium. I describe the structure and content of each program and show that each is rooted not only in the interests of its founders, but also in the dynamic process through which competing organizations were created.

In order to begin building a larger theory of private regulation through certification, I also briefly consider some similarities and differences between labor standards certification and forest certification. This comparison draws attention to the multiple roles of the state in supporting private regulatory systems, the varying configurations of labor rights and environmental NGO fields, the positions of retailers, and the structuration of a broader organizational field of certification and corporate social and environmental responsibility.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Shame and guilt are moral emotions which result from the deviation of internalized standards. Both constructs differ with respect to their developmental processes, accompanying emotions and behavioral consequences. Shame is associated with social withdrawal, anger and aggression, guilt supports prosocial behavior. The present study examines to what extent feelings of shame and guilt, experienced during a prison term, influence recidivism after dismissal. Analyses are based on data of 1243 young male offenders who participated in the longitudinal ‘Hanover Prison Study’. Participants from six different detention centers in Northern Germany were interviewed repeatedly during their prison term with standardized instruments. An event-history-analysis shows that feelings of guilt at the beginning of a prison term go along with lower rates of recidivism, shame with higher rates. Results are discussed with respect to their implications for juvenile justice system.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: THE PERIL OF DNA: THE SHAME OF WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS

For hundreds of years, instances of people being wrongfully convicted and sent to prison have occurred. It wasn’t until the use and acceptance of DNA samples, as reliable evidence, that innocent people were released back into normal society. Recent evidence suggests that those wrongfully convicted and released face significant obstacles, in the form of shaming, while attempting to reintegrate back into society. The public remains convinced that they are still convicts irregardless of their innocence status. Although the present theoretical basis for using DNA samples for evidence is to reduce crime and convict the truly guilty, the released wrongfully convicted continue to be labeled “convicts.” Like a Scarlet Letter, these individuals are labeled by society. In-general, our society appears to be unforgiving. Therefore, this research attempts to suggest that because of public shaming, those wrongfully convicted and released are less likely to successfully integrate back into their own societal norms.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: I explore Cicero's orator-statesman and the problems of pandering and manipulation through a focus on the virtue of decorum. I argue that Cicero's account of shame and seemliness provides a resource for democratic theorists.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Human trafficking is the one area of human rights violations by non-state actors that has received significant attention by the international human rights regime. How much of this attention is due to the symbolic construction and resonance of trafficking

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Braithwaite’s theory of reintegrative shaming (RIS) and results of previous studies suggest that shaming offenders reintegratively while eliminating stigmatization is influential for future crime prevention. The current study attempts to provide insight on an important link between the process of RIS and how it affects offenders: the offenders’ perception of the process. If offenders who are observed as being reintegratively shamed do not perceive that they are receiving RIS, the connection between RIS and crime reduction will be difficult to establish. This study used the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE) data to compare third-party observations of RIS practices and the offender’s self-reports of perceived shaming. Makkai and Braithwaite’s (1994) facet structure of RIS (respect, forgiveness, labeling and master status trait) was utilized to measure the offender’s perception of being reintegratively shamed. The results indicated that there is no clear relationship between observations and perceptions of RIS. Higher levels of observed RIS did not always mean higher levels perceived and conferences were not any better than courts at establishing a link. However, for juvenile offenders, observations of high RIS predicted high perception of respect in conferences and drink drivers always perceived high respect, regardless of RIS observed, if they were in conference.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: In recent years, hacking activity on the internet has captured the attention or imagination of government officials, cyber specialists, cyber investigators, criminologists, and curious onlookers. The issue of juvenile hacker also becomes increasing challenging to all law enforcement agents as Internet communication services are more popular. Integrated sciences are encouraged to overcome this great difficulty, and this paper is intended for providing a workable solution on Taiwanese juvenile hacker. The cyber-crime issue of this paper is mainly discussed and presented in the following four parts: cyber criminology, Taiwanese juvenile hacker, cyber-crime investigation, and cyber forensics. This paper further considers the cyber-crime issues, such as Reintegrative Shaming Theory of cyber criminology, case studies of Taiwanese juvenile hackers, proper process of cyber-crime investigation, digital forensic analysis of cyber forensics, and etc. These case studies also try to present a detailed, comprehensive picture of how a juvenile hacker lives, including how he initiates his offenses and how he interacts with his peers. Then it is hoped to account for recidivism and provide a guide for dealing with this juvenile hacker issue.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Brad Ray
North Carolina State University
Department of Sociology and Anthropology

Recent studies of mental health courts (a type of specialty court) suggest that they are successful in reducing criminal recidivism. In this paper I argue that Braithwaite's (1989) reintegrative shaming mechanism can help account for mental health courts effectiveness. I begin with a discussion of two legal philosophies associated with specialty courts: therapeutic jurisprudence and restorative justice. I argue that these focus primarily on legal processes and are not well equipped to explain future criminal behavior. Rather, I contend that reintegrative shaming theory can better explain the success of mental health courts. I propose that the act of successfully completing, or graduating, a mental health court is congruent with Braithwaite's reintegrative shaming mechanism. I review recent recidivism studies on mental health courts and highlight my own observations from an established court in North Carolina. I then address the shortcomings of a prior attempt to apply reintegrative shaming to a specialty drug court (Meithe, Lu, and Reese 2000). In addition, I will discuss my own preliminary recidivism data that lend empirical support to the theory. Finally, I conclude by offering suggestions for future tests of the theory using mental health or other specialty courts.

Publication Type: Roundtable Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Research consistently suggests that females are less likely to engage in many forms of criminal behavior than are males. Dominant explanations tend to invoke various forms of control, learning, and strain theory, suggesting that lower female crime reflects greater attachment to conventional others, lower exposure to delinquent peers, or a greater tendency to cope with their typically higher strain in non-criminal ways. We suggest that a more proximal mechanism explaining females lower tendency toward certain types of crime may be their greater tendency to anticipate that shame among their intimates would result from the commission of crime. Using data from a sample of 439 young adults, we examine the relative degree to which anticipated shame mediates the relationship between gender/sex and criminal intent. Preliminary results suggest that anticipated shame mediates the relationship better than do alternative variables.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: The process of constructing and mediating a social identity through race, gender, and sexuality is a complicated and disruptive one. This paper utilizes a semiotic phenomenological approach to examine the ways cultural, sexual, and gender expectations are interconnected to the process of shaming and used as a method to subjugate marginality and difference. I argue that new conceptualizations of performative identity ethics are needed to minimize culturally-inclusive forms of oppression that have largely been ignored.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper focuses on the problem of argumentative denialism in South Africa and the way that the deliberative conflict surrounding AIDS in South Africa played into issues of private and public shame that continues to undermine AIDS discourse in South Africa, thereby exacerbating the epistemological anxiety and social alienation that marks AIDS in South Africa. Further, I argue that this rhetorical denial, which is a consistent threat in deliberation, compels a culturally situated ethical engagement.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper argues that diplomatic interaction is a form of impression management. Following Goffman, diplomats act as on a scene and seek to give a particular impression to others. In this sense, diplomatic practice can be interpreted a form of
face-work. Drawing on Goffman implies, first, that diplomacy cannot be seen as a one-to-one reflection of the relative bargaining power of the involved states. Rather, diplomacy should be understood as a symbolic interaction order, abiding to its own rules,
norms and codes of conduct. Its inhabitants may represent ‘national interests’, but they also defend particular views of cosmos and they are trying to save face. Second, Goffman’s focus on shame and embarrassment may help explain the “conservative”
bias of diplomacy. Diplomacy is geared towards the prevention of violations of the interaction order. It seeks to repair sudden cracks in the fragile social order. As an illustration, I explore the face-work of diplomats from a former colonizer, Denmark, and a former colony, Greenland, during the negotiations of EU’s controversial ban on import of seal products in 2009.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The struggles that Asian American youth face, academically, socially and culturally, are seldom openly discussed. Acceptable norms for performance and success, while known, often dictate wider forms of behavior and coping. While deviance from these norms and forms clearly exist, Asian American youth live with the knowledge that they are being measured against a standard that is omnipresent. Those who successfully balance community expectations with personal inclinations tend to be those who are able to draw on their family’s cultural capital, often acquired in the home country. The work is based on approximately 150 interviews with Asian American young people and family members of recent immigration to the U.S., mostly from Korea, China, Taiwan and Vietnam. The findings present a powerful view of how family expectations for schooling and careers have led to deep but often hidden antagonism between students and their parents and resulting dysfunctional behavior. The findings highlight the importance of family background in the home country and the conditions of immigrant life. Other work on psychological difficulties of adolescent Asian Americans has not adequately identified the culture-specific forms of parental pressure that lead to stress among college-age students. By asking questions about differences within broad Asian groups, especially conflicts within Asian American communities in the U.S., it was possible to offer a more nuanced analysis and suggest directions for further research and intervention on the part of teachers and counselors.

Publication Type: Poster
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: In light of the failure of the traditional punishment policies that focus on either punitiveness (shaming) or rehabilitation (reintegration) in Western societies, Braithwaite (1989) proposed the theory of reintegrative shaming. The theory of reintegrative shaming has two key parts: shaming can be potent only when done with the goal of reintegration, and by individuals with great interdependencies. The current study cites two models of reintegrative shaming, bangjiao in China and bizai shobun in Japan, to illustrate the social conditions and consequences of these types of reintegrative shaming practices. This analysis helps clarify the various claims and debates about the punishment policies, including policies formulated after the theory of reintegrative shaming.

Publication Type: Internal Paper
Abstract: This paper juxtaposes the relationships to U.S. history that my grandfather and his cousin experienced through military service. My grandfather, Major Gilbert A. Boothe, was an officer in the U.S. Army 24th Infantry Regiment, an infamously troubled “colored” unit. His cousin, Mack Gilbert (Uncle Mack), was a Tuskegee Airman. Using a variety of correspondence—letters, government documents and newspaper articles—that were circulating among my grandfather and soldiers in the 92d infantry between 1981 and 1982 and a 2011 interview I conducted with Uncle Mack, I analyze the dialectic of pride and shame that emerges in their narratives. My grandfather’s collection of correspondence culminated in a published monograph (McFarland P 1985), yet he neither spoke about his military experiences nor the project. It was a private story shrouded by the pain of racism that denied him true citizenship in spite of his exceptional patriotism. His cousin, in contrast, is vocal about his military experience. Unlike my grandfather who lied about his age to voluntarily enlist in the military a year early, Uncle Mack left Howard U. and joined the military by force.

I consider the nation’s relatively recent performances celebrating the Tuskegee Airmen, juxtaposing that to the prevailing silence around how “everyday” black men—black men who are not locked up or unemployed—negotiate the failed promises of U.S. democratic ideals through acts that disrupt hegemonic historical narratives. The stories that unravel through the unofficial archives of these men are not exceptional—many others can and have told similar stories—but the stories so rarely enter the public sphere, they are not the stories that compose and shape the narratives that persistently define black men as deviant, lazy, and a burden to society. The phenomenon of both hegemonic and subaltern silence presents a paradox that I theorize through the lenses of fantasy and imagination. I frame the archival stories I retrieve with Quentin Tarantino’s recent film Django in order to think about how a white man’s fantasies might be the only forum for expressing black men’s shame. In an interview with Henry Louis Gates, Tarantino discusses a film that would be the third installment in his “trilogy” (Inglorius Basterds and Django) that is set in 1944 after Normandy when a group of black troops exact revenge against white soldiers and officers, killing them. The “fragging” Tarantino describes became more widespread during the Vietnam War, but fragging and desertion was one of the “problems” that labeled my grandfather’s unit “troubled” and “unreliable” during the Korean War. Thus, I will analyze why there is a cultural space for receiving and embracing Tarantino’s representations of redeemed black manhood in Django and potentially in his third installment, yet so few opportunities for black men to construct narratives of heroism and vindication instead of relegating those stories to the private sphere and spaces of silence shrouded in shame and pain.

Publication Type: Roundtable
Review Method: Peer Reviewed

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Recently, Christensen et al. (2013) found that shame predicted unprotected anal intercourse

(UAI) with non-primary (casual) partners for young men who have sex with men (MSM). Unknown

is whether some men (i.e., those more insecurely attached) are more susceptible and what mediates this link (e.g. alcohol, drugs) and whether this applies to both insertive, and, more risky, receptive UAI. To examine these links, data from 1196 high-risk young MSM were gathered. Using hierarchical negative binomial regression models and mediation analyses we found that shame (as measured with the PANAS-X) positively and significantly predicted both receptive and insertive UAI. The effect of shame on sexual behavior was mediated by alcohol. Furthermore, avoidant attachment predicted shame, alcohol use, and insertive and receptive UAI -- but only consistently for MSM whose attachment responses indicated that they were paying attention (i.e., those who responded to items and reversed items in a conceptually similar way). Further analyses indicated that avoidant attachment, but not anxious attachment, significantly mediated the shame to alcohol link.

Publication Type: Paper (prepared oral presentation)
Abstract: Learning that one’s ingroup has harmed another group can give rise to collective guilt and shame. Some individuals may be motivated to uphold a positive view of the ingroup and avoid collective guilt and shame, while others may wish to facilitate reparation by increasing collective guilt and shame. This research argues that both up-regulation and down-regulation of collective guilt and shame involve motivated reasoning. Cognitive Energetics Theory (CET) suggests that motivated reasoning is a function of motivation magnitude, availability of mental resources and task demands. Motivation to regulate collective guilt and shame was represented by identification with the ingroup, with high identifiers motivated to avoid collective guilt and shame and low identifiers motivated to enhance them. CET predicts that depletion of mental resources should reduce the ability of high and low identifiers to regulate emotions in the desired direction. To test this, participants in two studies reported their identification with the ingroup then learned about harmful behaviors by ingroup members. For half of the participants, mental resources were depleted by cognitive load. Among high identifiers, collective guilt and shame were higher when resources were depleted than when not depleted, whereas among low identifiers, an opposite effect emerged. Study 2 also demonstrated that availability of justifications for the harmful behaviors made the regulation of collective guilt and shame less demanding and less dependent on mental resource availability. The findings support the notion that the regulation of collective guilt and shame is affected by factors that affect motivated reasoning in other domains.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: My article examines a significant contracting party that is anticipated by the contract preparer at the time of contract formation: the other party to the contract after contract formation. In other words, contract preparers have identified, as an important “party” to the contract, the other party to the contract as she may exist after the contract has been executed. This may seem somewhat obvious, as one of the goals of contract law is to constrain or penalize behavior that does not conform to the agreed upon contractual terms or promises. What contract preparers may be doing, however, is not merely including express promises and specific penalties within the contract (although they are clearly doing that). Instead, contract preparers also include contractual features designed to the exploit cognitive biases of, and to induce particular “advantageous” emotions from, the other contract party as such party will be situated after the contract has been executed.

For example, contract preparers may utilize arbitration provisions within their contracts, which are usually ignored or not negotiated by the other contract party, for several reasons. The contract preparer may include such a provision not because of cost efficiency or the possibility of more favorable judgments (as compared with standard litigation), although such factors may be important as well. Instead, the confidential nature of arbitration proceedings may be the most attractive feature of an arbitration provision. If contract parties do not perceive others as challenging particular contracts or particular contractual provisions, then they are less likely to do so themselves. By relying on social proof, or looking to the practices of others, contracting parties may be acting with incomplete information when the actual practices of others cannot be detected (because of the confidential nature of any proceedings in which one would challenge a particular contract).

Similarly, contracts may be prepared in such a way as to evoke particular emotions from the contract parties after the time of contract execution. The idea of breaching a “moral” promise can fill a contracting party with anticipatory shame, guilt, or fear. By preparing the contract to reinforce the norm of contractual promises as having a moral component (whether through particular contract language or features or the inclusion of particular provisions that reinforce the social norm of contract compliance, such as an arbitration provision), the contract preparer can prepare more advantageous contracts (even those that contain illegal or unenforceable terms) with the knowledge that the contracts rarely will be challenged.

As a result, contract preparers are able to enjoy the benefits of promises that often would not be realized if the other contracting party were a profit-maximizer like the contract preparer. Contract preparation, through thousands of iterations and the growing awareness of human cognition and emotions, allows contract preparers to address and influence all contractual players at all times, whether before, at, or after the time of contract execution, and contract law will continue to lose some of its utility if we remain unaware of and do not challenge such practices.

Publication Type: Open Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This study examined the Penn State sex abuse scandal by applying traditional crisis communication strategies, usually invoked by an organization, to the online communication of the university’s active stakeholders, sports fans. Previous findings suggest sports fans will act on behalf of an organization during a crisis. Yet, the tweets of Penn State fans showed that they turned on the university and placed their loyalty with Coach Joe Paterno. Furthermore, this study discovered that fans engaged in the ingratiation, reminder, and scapegoat strategies most befitting the typology offered by Coombs (2007a), empowering the active stakeholders in the process. Results of this case provide a warning for organizations that online fan-based crisis response may not always be enacted in their best interests.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Abstract: Menstruation is one of the most silenced and shameful aspects of women’s bodies. Particularly for young women of non-dominant ethnic and religious groups, menstruation within a Western model of health poses a complicated set of emotions and reactions. This paper analyzes the shame and silence surrounding menstruation at a culturally and linguistically diverse high school, investigating the larger issues of education, culture, and menstruation management through the narratives and voiced experiences of young women. The paper raises questions about young women’s navigation of these issues and the possibility of empowerment.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: There are few spaces for obese and overweight Americans to articulate and negotiate the stigma attached to fat bodies. Weight loss blogs serve as public forums in which bloggers demonstrate an understanding of the social stigma currently attached to excess weight. Americans have long considered fat as problematic. In the late nineteenth century, a stigma of danger was attached to obese bodies and fat people were considered a danger to themselves and others. Fat bodies were urged to seek treatment and a capitalistic opportunity emerged for medical and lay practitioners.

Medical and lay intervention now intertwine in the weight loss experience, even in personal blogs meant to document the weight loss experience. This study conducts a link analysis in order to understand how consumer products are connected to personal weight loss blogs and how the stigma of fat is constructed by consumer products and articulated in personal spaces.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Dave Ramsey is one of America's leading financial advisors, connecting to millions of people each year via his call-in radio show, newspaper column, books, and Financial Peace University (FPU), a curriculum taught in small groups within churches. Couched in self-help language and taking the format of motivational talks, FPU uses shame as a motivator in ways that, this presentation argues, not only ignore structural causes of poverty but actively call for policies that further limit opportunity for the poor, further shaming those who seek the help FPU promises. The central attraction of Ramsey’s message is this: Debt is bad and, by extension, those who have debt are “stupid” (to use one of Ramsey’s favorite words), selfish, lazy, unmotivated, and self-destructive. While Ramsey devotees argue that such shaming motivates middle class people who are spending beyond their means to reign in their unnecessary consumer spending, it also reinforces the Social Darwinist idea that those who are poor should not be assisted as doing so only undermines their motivation to change their own situation. Such debt shame, which has received some attention from psychology scholars but less from sociologists, particularly those with an interest in religion, affects not only those who carry it but also those they use it against. This presentation draws from ethnographic data taken from several FPU classes to explore specific examples of how class members have internalized debt shame, which they then turn on others in poverty to justify the end of the social safety net.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: The SlutWalk Movement, which began in Toronto, Canada, in 2011, started as a one-day protest and burgeoned into a transnational social movement within months. Since its inception, the movement has aimed to end sexual violence by drawing awareness to rape culture and victim blaming, which render sexual assault survivors responsible for their attacks. This article argues that SlutWalk expanded rapidly due to its use of resonant social movement frames and social media outlets. A content analysis of signs and slogans from SlutWalk marches, Twitter posts, and activist blogs reveals that SlutWalk has developed a unique "shame-blame" frame that counters “slut shaming” in the mainstream media. This unique frame holds great resonance with young feminists but loses potential members through the use of the term “slut.” Findings also indicate that SlutWalk has strategically adapted its frames to suit the needs of potential recruits and current members. This study contributes to social movement research by illustrating innovative tactics employed by twenty-first century activists. It also explores the relevance and propagation of a contemporary frame that explicitly shames authorities. In addition, SlutWalk’s frames and tactics are significant for scholars of gendered violence, who seek to understand the metamorphosis of the anti-rape movement and its strengths and weaknesses.

Publication Type: Panel Paper
Abstract: Saemaul Undong was South Korea’s biggest development initiative in the 1970s and 1980s. Various attempts were made to “globalize” the initiative since 2000. Government officials and elites were invited from Asia and Africa to South Korea for Saemaul Undong training. In addition, South Korean “Saemaul leaders” were dispatched overseas to create localized prototypes of Saemaul (New Village).
The government officially declared the initiative of Global Saemaul Undong in 2013 in the midst of enthusiastic public support. This led to a heated debate on the replicability of Saemaul Undong outside of South Korea despite the historical and geographical uniqueness of South Korea’s development. The debate is misled because (a) it presumes the causality between Saemaul Undong and South Korea’s development and (b) it overlooks the question of what motivates the globalization of Saemaul Undong.
Reading mass dictatorship theory and gift theory, I question what motivates the globalization of Saemaul Undong and the public support for it. In this paper I juxtapose the discourses of Saemaul Undong and Global Saemaul Undong and theorize the contradictions between them. I argue that the postcolonial desire to overwrite the shame of receiving aid (poverty) with the pride of giving aid (development) requires the mythicization of the developmental era and provides unconditional support for the globalization of Saemaul Undong.

Publication Type: Individual Poster
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Every student could have a bad grade sometimes. If that grade is made public, either by the school, or the teachers, or other classmates, it could lead to considerable negative emotional feelings, such as shame. The current study investigated the relationship between shameful experience and math anxiety. In the pilot study, our survey of 119 college students showed that math ranked at No. 1 among all the high school courses in which students encountered an event that made them feeling shameful. The number of shameful occasions encountered was positively related to the level of math anxiety. In Experiment 1, 60 undergraduates completed a math test and were informed that they scored 62 out of a total of 100. Then an experimenter presented a ranking table that showed the score 62 was at the lowest 85% to 95% in the population. The participants were randomly assigned into two conditions: (1) public condition, in which the experimenter asked the participants about their score and informed the participants of the low ranking of their score; (2) private condition, in which participants received instruction from computers of keeping the score to themselves when they learned about their 62/100 score. Finally the participants’ explicit level of math anxiety was measured by the Math Anxiety Scale and their implicit attitudes toward math were measured by an arithmetic-affective implicit association task. Results demonstrated that those in the public condition suffered greater math anxiety consequently and also had more negative implicit attitude towards math. In Experiment 2 and 3, we tested two intervention methods that could disrupt the pathway between shameful experience and math anxiety. After a bad grade being made public, the participants were instructed to read an article and then answer some questions. In Experiment 2, the reading material was designed to discourage people from generalizing the failure in math tests to the entire self by saying:” people with poor math ability could still do well in terms of social skills”. In Experiment 3, the reading material was designed to discourage people from generalizing the failure in one math test to every aspects of math by saying: “people with poor math performance in high school could still do well in college math courses”. In both experiments, the control group read an article introducing a tourist destination in China. Results showed that both interventions effectively reduced the explicit math anxiety scores and lead to more positive implicit attitudes toward math. These results suggested that when a bad grade is made public, even if only to one other person, it may elicit shameful experience in people, and consequently higher math anxiety. Over-generalization is an important mechanism that linked shameful experience and math anxiety. By encouraging people not to generalize from math to the whole person, or from one test to math as a whole, we could reduce the anxiety caused by shameful feelings.

Publication Type: Panel Paper
Abstract: Studies have found that education contributes to social stratification through pupils’ different socialization processes. Yet, research has less often distinguished between structural differences between school and the interactions that take place within school. Drawing on year-long ethnography with three classes of students in an elite school and a non-elite high school with identical schedules and similar curricula, this study examines dynamics in classrooms that contribute to socialization of academically different performing students. Specifically, I examine the effect and reaction of teachers’ public shaming and praising that take place regularly in all of the classrooms. I find no clear patterns of how teachers acted towards students, but student reactions towards praise and shame were markedly different. With these findings, this paper argues that the socialization of elite and non-elites in school are not the simple result of adult treatment, but that students actively take part in constructing their paths to the future.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Research has found that anticipated shame and guilt have a major effect on the likelihood of offending, and that girls are more likely than boys to experience these self-conscious emotions when contemplating crime. We argue that (symbolic) interactionist theories of control can be used to further clarify the links between anticipated emotions, gender and delinquency. Using survey data collected amongst a sample of Flemish adolescents, we demonstrate that differences in anticipated self-conscious emotions have to be understood in the context of interpersonal relationships with significant others. They respond to interactional pressures and are determined by the ways of understanding oneself that are available in the individual’s particular social and cultural context.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Coercive control (CC) is an abusive dynamic that incorporates intimidation, microregulation, and restricting one’s autonomy to control an intimate partner. Current intimate partner violence (IPV) research argues that coercive control is a core component of IPV. This study sought to examine how shame may influence CC. Specifically, some extant research has linked extreme shame to the need to exert greater power and control over the partner, suggesting that shame and CC may be associated. Furthermore, men’s need for dominance has also been associated with overall IPV, although not specifically with coercion. Accordingly, this research tested pathways among shame and two trait indices of dominance: restrictiveness and the need for authority, to CC behavior. The present study used a diverse sample of men (n= 112) who were mandated to participate in a batterer intervention program. Findings indicate that this sample report pathological levels of shame. Regression analyses suggest shame is significantly associated with the restrictive behavior of the perpetrator but not with authority. In turn, both restriction and authority are significantly related to coercion. These findings suggest that shame plays a role in the commission of coercively controlling behavior via restrictiveness but not authority. Implications for CC will be discussed.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: A consistent finding in the literature is that males offend at higher rates than females. Braithwaite (1989) argues that gender differences should emerge in the context of reintegrative shaming theory because females are more socially integrated and dependent on others than males. Specifically, in comparison to males, females should be more likely to experience reintegrative rather than stigmatizing shaming. These gender differences should translate into how males and females manage shame and their propensity to conform in the future. Using data from the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments, we assess how shame acknowledgment, shame displacement, internalizing shame, and shame avoidance affect the propensity to conform as a result of participating in court or restorative justice conference. Results indicate that males are less likely to report that the court or conference will prevent future offending than females. Further analyses reveal that the relationship between gender and conformity is explained through shame management. Specifically, shame acknowledgement and internalizing shame increase projected conformity while shame displacement and shame avoidance decrease projected conformity.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Multi-national companies that operate at the end of long supply chains are expected to police those supply chains for market failures, such as unfair or unsafe labour practices. These companies employ auditors, private regulators, as well as their own social responsibility programs. A great deal of research has helped to explain the role of government institutions and other stakeholders in influencing company creation and compliance with such soft regulations. Some research has explored the role of NGO pressure, naming and shaming and agenda setting in influencing the behaviour of corporations, but there has been little systematic analysis of how companies are influenced by NGO and media pressure over time. Large companies care about the bottom line, but they also care about their reputation and thus ought to respond and act to allegations of labour violations in their supply chains. We examine a sample of large corporations in the food, apparel and electronics industries to see how they react to labour problems in their supply chains and how many resources they invest in new self-regulatory programs. We also examine the extent to which companies within particular industries follow each other and whether there is a particular industry leader in terms of socially responsible behaviour. This paper has the potential to add to our understanding not only of global business regulation and supply chain dynamics, but also policy dynamics and agenda setting in the global economy.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This study examines the feelings reported by victims and bullies when involved in bullying, and how they understand the other party’s feelings. 544 were divided into four groups: 1. Outsiders, 2. Bullies never victimized, 3. Victims never bullied others, and 4. Both bullied and victimized. All were asked how THEY FELT, or how THEY THOUGHT bullies and victims felt, when experiencing bullying or victimization. Results indicated that strong reported feelings of bullies included shame, remorse, and guilt. Strong reported feelings of bully/victims included guilt, shame, remorse, power (for males) and disgust (for females). When victimized, strong reported feelings of victims were humiliation and embarrassment; while strong reported feelings of bully/victims were humiliation, embarrassment, resentment, hatred (for males) and disgust (for females). Correlations with victims' feelings were significantly higher than correlations with bullies' feelings, meaning that victims’ feelings were more correctly perceived.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The exercise of social pressure by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international organizations (IOs) as a means to influence the behavior of states has proliferated in recent decades. As a consequence, the development and use of different types of global performance assessments (GPAs) has risen. GPAs typically involve public and regularized reporting in order to put spotlight on certain policy or performance areas. The aim of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of IO GPAs within the area of international labor standards. Systematic monitoring, reporting, and shaming of state behavior are critical strategies of many IOs. But do states really care if they are publicly scrutinized and shamed as norm-violators by IOs in terms of altering their behavior? If so, under what conditions do IO GPAs exert social pressure on state behavior leading to norm compliance?

In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of the ILO’s regular reporting and shaming activities through an event history analysis that assesses if and when states adopt norm-conforming reforms and policies in response to the public exposure of violations. For this purpose, we use a unique dataset of the ILO’s naming and shaming activities over the period 1989-2014, coded by year, country, and convention, and gathered from the ILO’s annual reporting documents. The dataset includes 12 conventions and 154 countries, generating over 8000 (country-year-convention) observations. Our dependent variable, compliance, is conceptualized as each time a member state alters its behavior and adopts a policy or practice that is consistent with ILO conventions.

We assess six hypotheses in the paper, four of which express the core expectations of this paper. The first hypothesis relates to regularized reporting (or public scrutiny) and argues that member states included in the CEACR reporting on non-compliance are more likely to improve their labor rights than member states not included in the report. The second hypothesis relates to explicit shaming and suggests that shamed member states are more likely to improve their labor rights than member states included in the monitoring report. According to the third hypothesis, public scrutiny and shaming should be particularly effective when targeting state violations of fundamental IO norms, as opposed to peripheral IO norms, because of the greater reputational costs that come with violations of norms that are central to the cooperation. The fourth hypothesis submits that intensity in public scrutiny and shaming should increase the likelihood of compliance among target states.

The fifth hypothesis suggests that public scrutiny and shaming should be especially effective when targeting democratic states, since democracies are more likely to care about public exposure. The sixth hypothesis argues that public scrutiny and shaming should be particularly effective when targeting states that are highly trade dependent, since the reputational costs of being exposed as a violator should be higher.

Our preliminary results regarding the public shaming offer clear support for one of the core hypotheses – that public shaming affects state compliance with IO rules and norms. Given the absence of media reporting, these findings suggest that public shaming may operate via other mechanisms than those privileged in existing research. In contrast, we find limited support for the three hypotheses regarding conditional effects. The next step in the empirical analysis is to identify the effects of the ILO’s regular and public scrutiny. If these results hold for the public scrutiny in the final analysis, they carry important implications for our understanding of IO influence, the effectiveness and mechanisms of GPAs, and their impact on state behavior in international governance.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Because human rights scholars often accept the notion that “actions speak louder than words,” research on US human rights policy has focused often on the willingness of the US to restrict foreign assistance, impose sanctions or take other forceful actions. But aid and trade restrictions are a poor gauge of the range of US concerns as many human rights problems cannot be addressed through such actions. This paper offers an alternative approach that analyzes US presidential rhetoric to understand when and how the US raises human rights violations by other nations. Specifically, through content analysis of The Public Papers of the Presidency, we code for all direct, non-solicited pubic statements from 1993-2014 by Presidents Clinton, Bush and Obama to examine which nations drew public attention, whether statements about other nations are critical or positive in tone, and the level of concern over time for specific countries.

Our projects begin by incorporating insights from the literature on agenda setting in US politics to make the case that, compared to the rarely invoked US foreign aid and trade sanctions, presidential rhetorical attention offers a more refined and useful measure for gauging the level of administration concern about country-specific human rights problems. We argue that decisions over economic or military aid assistance or trade restrictions involve highly constrained legislative processes that, by definition, cannot account for situations in which the US has no existing aid or trade relationship, or which may be better influenced through public discussion than the blunt tactic of sanctions. In contrast, presidents speak about a wide range of countries and may use public rhetoric to send either positive or negative “signals” about the level of US concern (Sikkink, 2004). Given that human rights scholars believe that “naming and shaming” can be a useful tool towards improving a nation’s human rights situation (Murdie & Davis, 2011), measuring the amount and nature of presidential “talk” will add significantly to our understanding of how the US tries to influence the human rights behavior of other nations.

Turning to the data collected, the paper first presents an overall portrait of presidential attention to human rights and it demonstrates that presidents focus most of their attention on countries in which the US has a security concern and ignore many nations with worst human rights records. We also document that presidents are nearly as likely to make neutral or positive remarks as they are to explicitly criticize a nation’s behavior. Presidents themselves also vary greatly in the nations they speak extensively about. To evaluate potential influences on presidential attention more systematically, we employ a pooled, cross-sectional analysis of 30 nations over 22 years, to test the association of attention with (1) the severity of human rights abuses, (2) the strength of US economic and military ties, and (3) the level of media attention to particular country-level situations. Specifically, logistic modeling of any presidential attention and tobit regression analysis of the amount of rhetoric shows that the severity of a country’s human rights situation and media attention (New York Times articles) in months prior to a speech do influence whether a president will discuss a country’s human rights problem and how much they will discuss it. The presence of US military personnel also has a strong impact on presidential attention, but particularly on whether the president speaks positively about a nation. Finally, the level of trade between the US and a nation does appear to discourage the discussion of human rights violations.

We conclude by discussing how our findings on presidential rhetoric about human rights can be used to better understand patterns of US human rights activity over time and how this data can be usefully compared to another measure of agenda attention, US congressional hearings. The next step, we suggest, is to explore whether public pressure by presidents shapes the behavior of targeted states.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This secondary analysis represents a cross-sectional quantitative test of Reintegrative Shaming Theory (Braithwaite 1989) on inmates in the Mississippi Department of Corrections. The sample consists of 726 questionnaires split evenly between male and female respondents.

Split model (Race-AA and Whites) nested logistic regression analysis includes measures central to Braithwaite’s theory (1989) as well as modifications that address the particular experiences of inmates including the frequency and communication with family, participation in prison programming, and moral conscience.

Results indicate that self reported past-shame, reintegration, and moral consciousness predict projected criminality and projected shame for both white men and women but not for African Americans. The current analysis confirm support for the basic assumptions of Reintegrative Shaming Theory (Braithwaite 1989) among white inmates only. The implications of the research expand the literature to test this theory on a sample of serious offenders.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Reputational sanctions have long been suggested as an efficient mechanism in tackling corporate crime. This article aims to contribute to an ongoing discussion in criminological theory on how reputational sanctions can contribute to controlling corporate behaviour, by focusing on the use of negative publicity and the corporate responses towards managing reputational damages in the UK financial markets. Through empirical data gathered from documentary analysis, in-depth interviews with regulators and market participants, and observations of administrative decision-making, the article studies how a powerful regulator uses publicity in a period of heightened reactions against corporate crime; how regulated firms react to it during the settlement of enforcement decisions; and how reputational concerns influence the regulatory dialogue. The findings show that the increased financial and reputational sanctions by the regulator in the post-crisis period have led to corporate responses of controlling the impact of negative publicity. The article argues that reputational sanctions may be more effective, and disclosure may result in better compliance if enforcers are sensitive to these processes of corporate reputational damage control.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: After losing the Chinese civil war to Mao Zedong following World War II, Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan with his Nationalist (Kuomintang) party and army. Unlike Mao, the founding father of Communist China, who is widely considered an icon of the revolutionary leader, Chiang has been largely forgotten outside of China and Taiwan. Indeed, when Chiang is remembered at all, he is often viewed as a reactionary or a failure. This paper reconsiders Chiang’s leadership of prewar and wartime China and his legacy through a comparison of his use of the Confucian cultural resource of chi (“humiliation” or “shame”) to face the Japanese incursion into China and encourage unity among his people with that of three other significant leaders of the Chinese Republican Era (1912–1949).

The names of Mao Zedong and Sun Yatsen call to mind bona fide revolutionary leaders. As destroyers of the old orders, Mao and Sun appeared far-reaching and visionary in their leaderships as they founded their respective revolutionary parties, the Chinese Communist Party and the Nationalist Party. By contrast, Yuan Shikai, like Chiang, calls to mind a reactionary, failure, and sell-out. As maintainers of order, both Yuan and Chiang appeared trapped by their circumstances, seemingly unable to express any creativity in their leaderships.

The analyses of Mao, Sun, and Yuan serve as important foils to better understand the structural context Chiang inhabited during his tenure of power and to depict more faithfully his creative contributions to the Chinese national identity. In particular, this paper argues that Mao’s and Sun’s more favorable political context allowed them both greater ability to shape the public face of their leaderships as well as leeway to make mistakes without detracting from their legitimacy. Mao and Sun never submitted or conceded to Japanese imperial demands and hence were exempt from justifying their authority in the face of bad outcomes. Their legitimacy also did not depend on strengthening China to confront the imperial challenge. And finally, by operating “outside” of state power, both Mao and Sun had an easier time garnering credibility. Mao could more easily criticize Chiang’s policies toward imperial powers and take a more popular stand with regard to the powers. Sun acted as visionary for the Nationalist party but avoided the nitty gritty details of day to day politics.

By contrast, as heads of a weak and contested China in their respective periods, Chiang and Yuan were responsible for negotiating outcomes with imperial powers. No matter how well they played their hand, they were always at a disadvantage. Yuan had to concede to the Japanese Twenty-One demands in 1915 whereas Chiang conceded Ji’nan, the provincial capital of Shandong, in 1928 and Manchuria in 1931 to the Japanese. Nevertheless, important differences allowed Chiang to inhabit a more favorable context than Yuan. Although ideas about nationalism were percolating by the turn of the twentieth century and during Yuan’s tenure of power (1912–1916), the ideas of empire still retained important legitimacy within China. Hence, Yuan’s shaping of the national narrative was somewhat premature as compared to Chiang.

This investigation helps us to reconsider the relationship between leadership and legitimacy, especially for those leaders who appear to have been trapped by circumstances, overwhelmingly defeated, and relegated to the ranks of history’s losers.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: We find that states who experience a decrease in credit rating, but who also frequently borrow and rely on their sovereign credit, are more likely to show a decrease in their respect for physical integrity rights after naming and shaming reports.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: How does shaming serve to reproduce and perpetuate language ideologies and inequalities? This presentation uses the anthropology of emotions (Lutz & White, 1986), Bourdieu’s (1991) practice theory, and Author 2’s (2007) work on literacy and shame narratives in Brazil to examine the role shaming plays in the continuing construction and promotion of the ideology that African languages are inferior to European languages and therefore not appropriate for educational settings. Drawing on data collected during a larger 15-month ethnographic study in Dakar, Senegal, this presentation explores the various ways shaming is utilized in a French-English private secondary school by the school’s administration, teachers, and students, as well as the complex and often contradictory student responses to this shaming.

Shame-based disciplinary methods were an important part of the colonial educational project across Africa. If a student was overheard speaking a language other than the official (i.e. colonial) language, they would be given the “symbol”, which ranged from a bone to a button to a sign reading “I am stupid” or “I am a donkey” (wa Thiong’o, 1994, p. 11). This symbol would pass from student to student as they committed linguistic transgressions, and at the end of the day the last student would have to take the symbol home. These disciplinary methods were based on creating shame around students’ home languages and served to reproduce the colonial language hierarchy, which deemed African languages (and by extension their speakers) as less than. In the French-English school in Dakar, the tradition of shame-based linguistic discipline methods continued, with students made to clean the cafeteria tables after lunch if they were heard speaking an African language.

Student responses to the banning of African languages were either dismissive or resigned. While the former indicates a lack of interest or concern in these shame-based methods, the latter implies a sense of inevitability and lack of control or ability to bring about change. Even though responses of dismissal and resignation are not as “visible” as other emotions, such as anger, these are still powerful emotional responses because they help reproduce dominant language ideologies and inequalities by viewing linguistic hierarchies as inevitable and thereby legitimate.

Although students seemed to largely accept the linguistic hierarchy, it was not always clear how they reconciled their own positioning within this hierarchy. For example, one student said, “I think Wolof is more for people that are kind of not too into school.” Interestingly, however, this student regularly speaks Wolof and often uses it with her family. This student’s statement indicates that she does not view herself to be on the same hierarchical level as other Wolof speakers, most likely because she also has access to more privileged forms of linguistic capital through her schooling, namely French and English. This also points to the dual role of shame and shaming, where this student felt shame about speaking Wolof while simultaneously shaming others who do not have the additional linguistic capital she does.

In conclusion, the presentation argues for the need to explore the role of emotions, and shame in particular, in perpetuating and reproducing language ideologies and inequalities.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: The sexual double standard (SDS) has generally been defined as the idea that women are negatively judged (by themselves and others) for engaging in the same sexual behaviors and attitudes that men are regarded positively or neutrally for. The key cultural phrase that has become associated with the SDS is “slut shaming.” Most research on the SDS has focused on high school and college students, even though well over a third of American adults 25 or older are neither married nor cohabiting, and thus are presumably still affected in their sexual and romantic lives by the SDS. The current study looks at a subcultural context that strongly stigmatizes the SDS: older adults (median age about 37) in the BDSM (Bondage & Discipline/Dominance & submission/Sadism & Masochism) subculture. Drawing from years of insider ethnographic experience, I created an online convenience sample (n=1642) survey designed to test how successful the BDSM subculture has been at eliminating the SDS, and what the effects of doing so have been. I provide multiple measures to strongly support the conclusion that the BDSM subculture, where polyamory is normative, has undone the traditional SDS: no gender group appears concerned about or has relationship prospects impdeded from a perception that they are “slutty.” However, I suggest that a parallel sexual social control mechanism has emerged against men: “creep-shaming.” Instead of women facing a sexual reputation management burden to protect themselves from being labeled “sluts,” men in the BDSM subculture face a parallel burden to protect themselves from being labeled “creeps.” I present evidence that this burden may in fact be more sexed than gendered (i.e. that this reputation burden is more about genitalia than gender per se).

Supporting Publications:
Supporting Document

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Youth inhabit worlds fundamentally different from their adult counterparts. This article documents a theatre based participatory research project that seeks to address a localized, institutional, community issue. In response to an adolescent suicide, a team consisting of youth theatre artists, a community social work researcher/practitioner, arts educators, and community partner organizations collaborated to capture youth experiences of depression using theatre as a tool. Integrating principles of play-building as qualitative research, youth participatory action research, and community education, participants built a play based on stories of youth experiences of depression. Findings define depression from the lived experiences of youth, deal directly with stigma, deconstruct depictions of depression in the media, critique institutionalized helping systems, and offer hope for the future. Implications for collaborative forms of youth engaged participatory research are explored along with helping systems, participatory media, stigma, community education, youth voice, social supports, alternative paradigm research, and community partnerships.

Publication Type: Session Paper
Abstract: This paper proposes to think through “skin” as an analytical category that is problematized and extended by readings of blackness, and race more broadly, in modern Latin America. “Skin,” as racial matter, introduces other forms of embodiment that gesture toward terms that complicate race in Latin American contexts, such as pigmentation, melanin, complexion, and color. In this vein, through a close reading of Celestino Gorostiza’s play, El color de nuestra piel (1953), this paper will theorize how “skin” becomes a bodily site of contention, from which social and cultural issues of blackness are represented and reacted to. Addressing mestizaje politics, this current paper examines how feelings of shame—as well as the act of shaming—operates in Gorostiza’s work to create both a discourse on race, but also, an ethical mode of engagement with the other. I contend that the representation and theatricality of black skin in Latin American theater, necessarily dialogues with current black scholarship on the body and the human (read through Spillers, Hartman, and Weheliye). This paper engages with and departs from these theories of blackness to consider new lexicons for addressing race in Latin Americanism.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Criminologists have often used socio-cultural factors such as peers, the family and social structures to explain antisocial attitudes and behaviors. The self-conscious emotions of guilt, shame and blaming have been sporadically used as explanations of antisocial behavior although psychologists have found these to have extensive effects on outcomes like suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms and other internalizing behaviors. Moreover, most criminological studies that have assessed the effects of guilt on antisocial behaviors and crime have often used anticipated guilt, without considering related emotions like shame and blaming. This study presents results of a pilot project that compared measures of guilt, shame and blaming; and how these measures affect antisocial attitudes. Samples of college students from a midwestern university were used to assess the relationship between self-conscious emotions and antisocial attitude using a measure of anticipated guilt and the TOSCA (Test of Self-Conscious Affect), a measure of guilt, shame and blaming often used in psychology. Results indicate that both anticipated guilt and TOSCA-guilt affect antisocial attitudes, but that the TOSCA measures are able to delineate the effects of shame and blaming on antisocial attitudes. Implications are discussed.

Publication Type: Individual Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Studies on radicalization processes in islamist milieus indicate that extremist radicalization cannot simply be understood as ideological mobilization or cognitive development of specific worldviews. Rather, specific emotions and affective states play a substantial role therein. Moreover, analyses on islamist terrorism found that especially collective and individual feelings of shame and humiliation are used for the mobilization of potential adherents. Terrorism can then present itself as relief from humiliation. More than anything can emotional dynamics like the relief from humiliation and shame explain why actors are willing to overstep basic societal norms of non-violent social interaction and even sacrifice themselves. Social media plays a significant role herein due to the specific features of Web 2.0 resulting in accelerated emotional contagion effects within extremist virtual communities. So far, research with an explicit focus on such emotional dynamics in radicalization processes has mainly assessed islamist milieus. Yet, we expect such emotional dynamics to be at work in rightwing mobilization strategies as well. Results of a discourse analysis of a specific german Facebook page, “Kandel ist überall”, that represents various facets of contemporary national-authoritarian rightwing discourse in Germany, will be presented. The focus will lay on the aforementioned emotional dynamics and shame-rage spirals.

Publication Type: Competitive Paper
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Individuals with high self-brand connection usually defend their brands against negative information. However, we demonstrate that when others use their brand transgressively, they experience vicarious shame, which motivates highly connected observers to distance themselves from the brand. We also observe actual distancing behavior in real-world data collected from Twitter.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Over the past quarter-century, governments all over the word have increasingly embraced “evidence-based policymaking” (EBP) as an approach to administering publicly funded services. EBP prescribes applying the results of empirical research to policy decisions; its advocates have called on policymakers to invest more public dollars in policy research, to defund policies that fail to show results, and to listen more to experts. Policy scholars have critiqued and elaborated on models of EBP—primarily in the contexts of the United States and the United Kingdom—but have focused little on the history of EBP as a rationalized institutional myth shaped and channeled by various social actors. To extend the existing literature on EBP and transnational processes, this paper uses qualitative content analysis of hundreds of policy documents to generate a theory of EBP’s global diffusion. Iterative coding of these documents reveals a pattern of both national and transnational organizations using distinctive logics of state shaming to promote EBP in 36 countries. Elements of shaming for scholars to consider in future studies of diffusion, world systems, neoliberal statecraft, and emotions are considered. Implications for current debates surrounding EBP are also discussed.

Publication Type: Poster
Abstract: Among battered woman, shame frequently occurs in conjunction with feelings of powerlessness, hopelessness and isolation (e.g., Buchninder & Eiskovits, 2003). Research suggests that shame leads to increased hostility and anger arousal (e.g., Scheff, 1987). Accordingly, the current study sought to extend this literature to evaluate the relationship between shame and hostility following a conflict between intimate partners. In addition, we wished to test the hypothesis that couples ability to “benefit” or learn from conflict that is viewed as shameful would be reduced. Three hundred and forty-nine participants (29% men, 71% women) completed a 70 item scale, developed for this study to measure emotional consequences directly after a conflict identified as the most severe by the participant. Each participant received a score on shame/isolation, hostility, and renewal (increased positive feelings and self-esteem after a conflict) subscales. About half (54.4%) endorsed having used violence during the worst fight measured by the Conflicts Tactics Scale (CTS2). Since current research on shame has focused on women, analyses were conducted separately for men and women. For women, as predicted, a correlation analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between shame/isolation and hostility, and a negative association among shame/isolation and renewal as well as, hostility and renewal. For men, only a significant positive relationship between shame/isolation and hostility was found. Results suggest that conflict-related shame and hostility in women is ultimately detrimental to women’s self-image and reduces their ability to benefit from conflict whereas shame in men does not.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This study explores the role of knowledge about HIV transmission, personal fear of AIDS infection, degree of religiosity, and shame that results from courtesy stigma in stigmatizing people living with HIV/AIDS. Data were collected from 277 female college students from three Arabic cultures: Kuwait, Bahrain, and Jordan. Results show that feeling shame about having a relative with AIDS is a very good predictor of stigma attached to people with AIDS in all cultures. An extreme expression of shame was found among Kuwait participants. For Kuwaitis having a fellow citizen with AIDS was a source of shame and it predicted their reactions toward people with AIDS.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: How do 'humanitarian' crises threaten states? I connect the ‘humanitarian’ impulse of an intervening state to the self-identity and corresponding ontological security interests of states. Through a comparison with the ‘traditional’ notion of survival-based security, the paper develops ontological security as a more comprehensive, sometimes competing state drive. I also introduce the concept of shame as it relates to the self-identity of states, and discuss how shame can compel a state to change its policy even if the material structures of world politics remain constant. The paper then discusses factors that impede or enable states to achieve ontological security. I then use an ontological security framework to interpret how past foreign policy decisions motivated Western powers to ‘reform’ their routines to accommodate crises in Kosovo and Liberia, and discuss the costs to using a minimalist approach to ‘humanitarian’ intervention. The paper concludes with some normative and ontological proposals for the further development of an ontological security research program. I argue that if there are costs to ignoring threats to ontological security, then there are also benefits to ‘structuring’ routines to battle these threats as well.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: Throughout the important literature appearing today that focuses on implementing Sec. Co. Res. 1325 the phrase with impunity characterizes all the violence against women we witness in the world. This paper examines the sentiments behind and cultural and psychological dynamics in a culture of shame and the political uses and abuses of shame across cultures and gendered economies. Focusing on the notion that shame is an important social emotion (Mazurana and McKay 2004) this paper will examine the lack of shame evinced in 1325 speeches by SC council members, the individualized shame that citizens in the West seek from leaders to no avail, the collective shame that can possibly help heal communities after conflict, and possibly hurt them. Further, the paper will examine how these shameful boundaries are not as clear-cut as researchers believe. A central focus in this paper will be on the gendered dynamics of shame and responsibility.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Muppidi argues that one of the most striking features of international relations, post 9/11, has been the resurgent celebration of colonialism and its ostensible virtues in securing the world. Anglo-American policy-makers and scholars have, for example, harked back to the colonial experiences of the British to offer lessons to the U.S. in dealing with contemporary Iraq (e.g. Kurtz, 2003) and to justify imperial interventions in the internal affairs of sovereign states (e.g. Mallaby, 2002; Cooper, 2002), and asks: how is it possible for contemporary policy-makers and self-professedly norm-oriented, cosmopolitan scholars to valorize a shameful past in our collective history? What about colonialism makes it different from racism, sexism or anti-semitism that discourses about the putatively positive aspects of colonialism fail to arouse much moral outrage or shame in the Western academy generally and liberal theory more particularly?

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: In Crime, Shame and Reintegration (1989), John Braithwaite states, ‘Crime is best controlled when members of the community are the primary controllers through active participation in shaming offenders, and, having shamed them, through concerted participation in ways of reintegrating the offender back into the community of law abiding citizens.' There we can see the power of shaming as an informal social control, and Braithwaite’s criticism against an extreme individualism and individual responsibility. A man commits a crime. He is responsible for what he has done, so he has to take responsibility. However is this only he to be responsible for all the outcomes? Are those who are related to him and the communities he belongs responsible as well? Do we have a responsibility to shame someone to reintegrate him back into the community? This research will examine whether reintegrative shaming means responsibility expansion.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: While the repressive nature of the practice of social shaming has been expounded at some length, recently there have been attempts to rehabilitate shame or humiliation as potential salutary correctives on social and political behavior. I question

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Obese bodies inscribed with shame and blame, in mainstream media representations and food industry rhetoric alike, reinforce a body politics of “personal responsibility.” The predominant image of obesity is the “spectacular decapitation”: the shamed, anonymous, and headless fat body. Spectacular decapitations, when visually paired with images of “junk” foods, fabricate narratives of “irresponsible” eating. Such depictions lead to the view that obesity is a personal (and not a social, environmental, or ethical) problem.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This essay traces the rhetoric of the 2002 child sexual abuse scandals in the Catholic Church. It argues that news discourse appealed to homophobia to create a “homosexual panic.” This discourse served as a “pink herring,” diverting attention from clergy abuses and the role of the Church by scapegoating gay men. An analysis of this media coverage problematizes scholarly focus on gay visibility by outlining the continued disciplining of sexual identity.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This presentation will consider the central role of the international criminal justice system in responding to war-time sexual violence. It will argue that feminist successes in the development of jurisprudence in this area have depended upon and perhaps

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: Shame has long been a dubious tool of criminal justice and has been carried on by state authorities in a variety of ways through the ages. However, since the latter part of the twentieth century, mass-mediated humiliation in the name of crime control has become a key tool of law enforcement and an extra-judicial form of punishment for certain types of criminal offenses. This paper examines and speculates about the cultural significance of mass-mediated shame as a tool of law enforcement and as an entertainment spectacle.

The cultural significance of mediated humiliation is analyzed by drawing on specific examples where media, crime and shame intersect. First, I examine the use of media by law enforcement officials to exact greater stigmatization and punishment for those accused of certain crimes and the reactions of media outlets to this tactic. Secondly, I examine the rise of popular shaming rituals on television and speculate about their broader significance in popular culture. I conclude the discussion by suggesting how these trends fit into broader shifts in thinking about crime control in the latter part of the twentieth century.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This study was an attempt to operationalize and examine shame/honor in a Middle Eastern context using John Braithwaite's theoretical model of reintegrative shaming. The focus was to operationalize and measure expressions of shame/shaming to determine if and how they differ from western constructs. It was hypothesized that the notions of what constitutes shame and shaming would in fact differ and often conflict with western definitions of the notion. Based on Braithwaite's emphasis on familism, interdependency, and communitarianism combined with national, cultural, religious factors creates a need to operationalize these concepts in a cultural context before any comparisons can be made. Using data collected from interviews in Yemen, the findings showed that there were conflicting models of shame and shaming. The findings address 'shame' as a 'state of being' rather than a ‘label’ and the dialectic nature of honor and shame. Findings also suggest that the western constructs associated with shaming, namely future impact on deviance, community stability and morality also vary from perceptions maintained Yemen. These results, combined with the body of evidence already in existence, indicate that Braithwaite’s theory may need further modification.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: The impact on children of paternal incarceration has been relatively neglected and information obtained directly from children about their feelings and experiences is scant. In this Canadian study, face to face interviews were conducted with the children of incarcerated fathers as well as their legal guardians and practitioners who work with such children and their families. Although extant research indicates that shame and stigma is a problem experienced by family members of incarcerated offenders, our study shows that fear of shame and stigma is a much more dramatic impediment than was expected – much more so than the actual stigma they experience. In addition, attempts to protect the children from shame and stigma do not shelter them from the negative consequences of parental incarceration on their behaviour. In fact, trying to keep the parental offender’s incarceration secret proves to be detrimental in that both the children and the legal guardians tend to become highly isolated. This isolation was indicated not only by the legal guardians but directly by the children, a majority of whom demonstrated a reluctance to communicate to others about their parents’ incarcerated status, leaving them with few expressive outlets and other forms of social support.

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Abstract: This paper is develops the concept of “shame” in international relations, and also builds on the growing scholarship on ontological security. Ontological security is about having a consistent sense of ‘self,’ and means that states perform actions in order

Publication Type: Conference Paper/Unpublished Manuscript
Review Method: Peer Reviewed
Abstract: This paper examines the effectiveness of diversionary restorative justice conferences through the eyes of juvenile offenders. The contemporary forms of Braithwaite’s theory are the focus of contemporary restorative justice (RJ) conferences. In Australia, Re-integrative Shaming Experiments (RISE) underpin Braithwaite’s theory of re-integrative shaming (1989). Previous studies, while showing that RISE reported high levels of victim satisfaction and positive changes in the attitudes of offenders (Strang et al., 1999), it also demonstrated that the program has different outcomes for juvenile offenders dependant on the type of offence with which they were charged (Sherman et al., 2000). Using Australian data from RISE between 1995 and 1999, this paper examines juvenile offenders’ perspectives on preventing re-offending, repaying the victim and society, and the degree of repentance. A comparison of standard court processing effects and RISE on juvenile offending including property crime, shoplifting, and violent offences are undertaken. The effectiveness of the RISE program in terms of the offenders’ perspectives has not been addressed, and the impact of the offenders’ perspectives about the RISE program still remains under investigation. Examining the effectiveness of the program in terms of the juvenile offenders’ perspectives, will enhance our understanding of these programs’ effectiveness.